This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1171
Aaron Wayne Downing, petitioner, Appellant,
vs.
State of Minnesota, Respondent.
Filed April 11, 2016 Affirmed Schellhas, Judge
Clay County District Court File No. 14-CR-11-2712
Aaron Wayne Downing, Bayport, Minnesota (pro se appellant)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Brian J. Melton, Clay County Attorney, Pamela Harris, Assistant County Attorney, Moorhead, Minnesota (for respondent)
Considered and decided by Schellhas, Presiding Judge; Worke, Judge; and Johnson,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
SCHELLHAS, Judge
In this pro se appeal, appellant asks us to reverse the summary denial of
postconviction relief from his conviction of third-degree criminal sexual conduct. We
affirm. FACTS
In August 2011, appellant Aaron Wayne Downing digitally penetrated 19-year-old
R.A.L. without her consent. Respondent State of Minnesota charged Downing with third-
and fifth-degree criminal sexual conduct, and a jury found Downing guilty as charged. The
district court entered convictions of third- and fifth-degree criminal sexual conduct and
sentenced Downing to 117 months’ imprisonment for the third-degree offense.
Downing appealed, arguing that
(1) the district court abused its discretion when it allowed the state to impeach [Downing] with prior felony convictions without conducting a Jones analysis; (2) the prosecutor committed reversible misconduct by eliciting from [Downing] testimony regarding a prior uncharged domestic-abuse incident and by improperly referencing the criminal histories of [Downing] and other witnesses during closing argument; and (3) the fifth-degree [criminal sexual conduct] conviction must be vacated as a lesser-included offense of the third-degree conviction.
State v. Downing, No. A12-0446, 2013 WL 599164, at *1 (Minn. App. Feb. 19, 2013),
review denied (Minn. May 21, 2013). This court affirmed Downing’s conviction of the
third-degree offense but reversed and vacated Downing’s conviction of the fifth-degree
offense. Id. at *1, *3.
Two years later, Downing filed a pro se petition for postconviction relief. The
postconviction court summarily denied relief, concluding that all of Downing’s claims are
procedurally barred under State v. Knaffla, 309 Minn. 246, 243 N.W.2d 737 (1976).
This appeal follows.
2 DECISION
A defendant may petition for relief from a conviction obtained in violation of his
rights “under the Constitution or laws of the United States or of the state.” Minn. Stat.
§ 590.01, subd. 1 (2014). The postconviction court may deny relief summarily if “the
petition and the files and records of the proceeding conclusively show that the petitioner is
entitled to no relief.” Minn. Stat. § 590.04, subd. 1 (2014).
“[Appellate courts] review the denial of a petition for postconviction relief, as well
as a request for an evidentiary hearing, for an abuse of discretion.” Taylor v. State, 874
N.W.2d 429, 430 (Minn. 2016) (quotation omitted). “In doing so, [appellate courts] review
the postconviction court’s underlying factual findings for clear error and its legal
conclusions de novo.” Id. at 430–31 (quotation omitted). “[Appellate courts] can affirm the
denial of postconviction relief on grounds other than those on which the postconviction
court relied.” Dukes v. State, 718 N.W.2d 920, 921–22 (Minn. 2006).
Under Knaffla and its progeny, “once a direct appeal has been taken, all claims
raised in the direct appeal and all claims that were known or should have been known but
were not raised in the direct appeal are procedurally barred.” Colbert v. State, 870 N.W.2d
616, 626 (Minn. 2015); see also Minn. Stat. § 590.01, subd. 1 (“A petition for
postconviction relief after a direct appeal has been completed may not be based on grounds
that could have been raised on direct appeal of the conviction or sentence.”).
[The supreme court] ha[s] recognized two exceptions to the Knaffla bar: a claim should be considered if it is (1) an issue so novel that its legal basis was not reasonably available at the time of the direct appeal, or (2) in the interest of justice—when
3 fairness so requires and the petitioner did not deliberately and inexcusably fail to raise the issue on direct appeal.
Carridine v. State, 867 N.W.2d 488, 493 (Minn. 2015) (quotation omitted).
In this case, Downing challenges the postconviction court’s summary denial of
relief on the grounds that his claims are procedurally barred under Knaffla. Specifically,
Downing argues that Knaffla bars neither his prosecutorial-misconduct claim nor his
ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim. Downing also argues that the court erred by
failing to make findings of fact and conclusions of law on each of his postconviction claims.
Downing first acknowledges that he raised a prosecutorial-misconduct claim on
direct appeal but argues that the claim is not Knaffla-barred because this court did not
address “the most major issues of misconduct” in its February 19, 2013 opinion. Downing
claims that “if an Appeal Court does not include issues on Appeal in [its] opinion, these
issues can be included in a Petition for Post-Conviction Relief.” But Downing provides no
argument or authority to support this claim, and we decline to consider it. See State v.
Bartylla, 755 N.W.2d 8, 22 (Minn. 2008) (“[Appellate courts] will not consider pro se
claims on appeal that are unsupported by either arguments or citations to legal authority.”).
Downing also argues that his prosecutorial-misconduct claim is not Knaffla-barred
because he received evidence to prove some of the misconduct only after his direct appeal.
Downing does not identify the evidence to which he refers, explain why he could not have
accessed that evidence at an earlier date, or even assert that he could not have accessed the
evidence at an earlier date; we therefore reject this argument without analysis. See Sessions
v. State, 666 N.W.2d 718, 721–22 (Minn. 2003) (rejecting postconviction claim as Knaffla-
4 barred without exception, reasoning in part that petitioner offered “nothing to support his
assertions” and noting that “we have held that allegations must be more than bald assertions
or unsupported statements”). We conclude that the postconviction court did not abuse its
discretion by summarily denying Downing’s prosecutorial-misconduct claim. See Colbert,
870 N.W.2d at 622 (stating that “a postconviction court may summarily deny a claim that
is . . . procedurally barred under Knaffla”).
Downing next acknowledges that his ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim
was available on direct appeal, yet he argues that the claim is not Knaffla-barred because
it “cannot be fully examined” on the trial record. Downing is correct that an ineffective-
assistance-of-trial-counsel claim that “requires examination of evidence outside the trial
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1171
Aaron Wayne Downing, petitioner, Appellant,
vs.
State of Minnesota, Respondent.
Filed April 11, 2016 Affirmed Schellhas, Judge
Clay County District Court File No. 14-CR-11-2712
Aaron Wayne Downing, Bayport, Minnesota (pro se appellant)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Brian J. Melton, Clay County Attorney, Pamela Harris, Assistant County Attorney, Moorhead, Minnesota (for respondent)
Considered and decided by Schellhas, Presiding Judge; Worke, Judge; and Johnson,
Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
SCHELLHAS, Judge
In this pro se appeal, appellant asks us to reverse the summary denial of
postconviction relief from his conviction of third-degree criminal sexual conduct. We
affirm. FACTS
In August 2011, appellant Aaron Wayne Downing digitally penetrated 19-year-old
R.A.L. without her consent. Respondent State of Minnesota charged Downing with third-
and fifth-degree criminal sexual conduct, and a jury found Downing guilty as charged. The
district court entered convictions of third- and fifth-degree criminal sexual conduct and
sentenced Downing to 117 months’ imprisonment for the third-degree offense.
Downing appealed, arguing that
(1) the district court abused its discretion when it allowed the state to impeach [Downing] with prior felony convictions without conducting a Jones analysis; (2) the prosecutor committed reversible misconduct by eliciting from [Downing] testimony regarding a prior uncharged domestic-abuse incident and by improperly referencing the criminal histories of [Downing] and other witnesses during closing argument; and (3) the fifth-degree [criminal sexual conduct] conviction must be vacated as a lesser-included offense of the third-degree conviction.
State v. Downing, No. A12-0446, 2013 WL 599164, at *1 (Minn. App. Feb. 19, 2013),
review denied (Minn. May 21, 2013). This court affirmed Downing’s conviction of the
third-degree offense but reversed and vacated Downing’s conviction of the fifth-degree
offense. Id. at *1, *3.
Two years later, Downing filed a pro se petition for postconviction relief. The
postconviction court summarily denied relief, concluding that all of Downing’s claims are
procedurally barred under State v. Knaffla, 309 Minn. 246, 243 N.W.2d 737 (1976).
This appeal follows.
2 DECISION
A defendant may petition for relief from a conviction obtained in violation of his
rights “under the Constitution or laws of the United States or of the state.” Minn. Stat.
§ 590.01, subd. 1 (2014). The postconviction court may deny relief summarily if “the
petition and the files and records of the proceeding conclusively show that the petitioner is
entitled to no relief.” Minn. Stat. § 590.04, subd. 1 (2014).
“[Appellate courts] review the denial of a petition for postconviction relief, as well
as a request for an evidentiary hearing, for an abuse of discretion.” Taylor v. State, 874
N.W.2d 429, 430 (Minn. 2016) (quotation omitted). “In doing so, [appellate courts] review
the postconviction court’s underlying factual findings for clear error and its legal
conclusions de novo.” Id. at 430–31 (quotation omitted). “[Appellate courts] can affirm the
denial of postconviction relief on grounds other than those on which the postconviction
court relied.” Dukes v. State, 718 N.W.2d 920, 921–22 (Minn. 2006).
Under Knaffla and its progeny, “once a direct appeal has been taken, all claims
raised in the direct appeal and all claims that were known or should have been known but
were not raised in the direct appeal are procedurally barred.” Colbert v. State, 870 N.W.2d
616, 626 (Minn. 2015); see also Minn. Stat. § 590.01, subd. 1 (“A petition for
postconviction relief after a direct appeal has been completed may not be based on grounds
that could have been raised on direct appeal of the conviction or sentence.”).
[The supreme court] ha[s] recognized two exceptions to the Knaffla bar: a claim should be considered if it is (1) an issue so novel that its legal basis was not reasonably available at the time of the direct appeal, or (2) in the interest of justice—when
3 fairness so requires and the petitioner did not deliberately and inexcusably fail to raise the issue on direct appeal.
Carridine v. State, 867 N.W.2d 488, 493 (Minn. 2015) (quotation omitted).
In this case, Downing challenges the postconviction court’s summary denial of
relief on the grounds that his claims are procedurally barred under Knaffla. Specifically,
Downing argues that Knaffla bars neither his prosecutorial-misconduct claim nor his
ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim. Downing also argues that the court erred by
failing to make findings of fact and conclusions of law on each of his postconviction claims.
Downing first acknowledges that he raised a prosecutorial-misconduct claim on
direct appeal but argues that the claim is not Knaffla-barred because this court did not
address “the most major issues of misconduct” in its February 19, 2013 opinion. Downing
claims that “if an Appeal Court does not include issues on Appeal in [its] opinion, these
issues can be included in a Petition for Post-Conviction Relief.” But Downing provides no
argument or authority to support this claim, and we decline to consider it. See State v.
Bartylla, 755 N.W.2d 8, 22 (Minn. 2008) (“[Appellate courts] will not consider pro se
claims on appeal that are unsupported by either arguments or citations to legal authority.”).
Downing also argues that his prosecutorial-misconduct claim is not Knaffla-barred
because he received evidence to prove some of the misconduct only after his direct appeal.
Downing does not identify the evidence to which he refers, explain why he could not have
accessed that evidence at an earlier date, or even assert that he could not have accessed the
evidence at an earlier date; we therefore reject this argument without analysis. See Sessions
v. State, 666 N.W.2d 718, 721–22 (Minn. 2003) (rejecting postconviction claim as Knaffla-
4 barred without exception, reasoning in part that petitioner offered “nothing to support his
assertions” and noting that “we have held that allegations must be more than bald assertions
or unsupported statements”). We conclude that the postconviction court did not abuse its
discretion by summarily denying Downing’s prosecutorial-misconduct claim. See Colbert,
870 N.W.2d at 622 (stating that “a postconviction court may summarily deny a claim that
is . . . procedurally barred under Knaffla”).
Downing next acknowledges that his ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim
was available on direct appeal, yet he argues that the claim is not Knaffla-barred because
it “cannot be fully examined” on the trial record. Downing is correct that an ineffective-
assistance-of-trial-counsel claim that “requires examination of evidence outside the trial
record or additional fact-finding by the postconviction court” may be raised in a first
postconviction petition, even if the basis for the claim was or should have been known on
direct appeal. Nissalke v. State, 861 N.W.2d 88, 93 (Minn. 2015), reh’g denied (May 20,
2015). But Downing does not explain why his claim requires examination of evidence
outside the trial record or additional fact-finding by the postconviction court; neither does
he provide examples of claims that have been held to require examination of outside
evidence or additional fact-finding. Accordingly, we decline to consider whether
Downing’s ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim survives the Knaffla bar. See
Bartylla, 755 N.W.2d at 22 (“[Appellate courts] will not consider pro se claims on appeal
that are unsupported by either arguments or citations to legal authority.”).
In any event, “to be entitled to an evidentiary hearing on an ineffective-assistance-
of-counsel claim, the petitioner must allege facts that, if proven by a fair preponderance of
5 the evidence, would satisfy the two-prong test” for ineffective assistance of counsel.
Carridine, 867 N.W.2d at 493–94 (quotation omitted). Here, Downing bases his
ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim on matters of trial strategy that cannot support
such a claim. See State v. Ali, 855 N.W.2d 235, 260 (Minn. 2014) (stating that courts “will
not review” ineffective-assistance claims that “raise matters of trial strategy”). We
conclude that the postconviction court did not abuse its discretion by summarily denying
that claim. See Fort v. State, 861 N.W.2d 674, 675 (Minn. 2015) (“Because [petitioner]’s
claim of ineffective assistance . . . fails as a matter of law, and his remaining claims are
time barred . . . , the postconviction court did not abuse its discretion in summarily denying
[the] petition.”).
Downing also complains that the postconviction court “failed to review” three other
claims raised in his petition: (1) sufficiency of the evidence, (2) ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel, and (3) cumulative error. Citing Minn. Stat. § 590.04, subd. 1, Downing
challenges the court’s failure to make findings of fact and conclusions of law on each of
his postconviction claims.
A postconviction court does not abuse its discretion by summarily denying relief
without issuing findings of fact and conclusions of law so long as the record “conclusively
supports” the denial of relief. Voorhees v. State, 627 N.W.2d 642, 653 (Minn. 2001). Here,
Downing’s sufficiency-of-the-evidence and cumulative-error claims were available on
direct appeal and therefore are Knaffla-barred; Downing offers no reason to apply a Knaffla
exception. And Downing’s ineffective-assistance-of-appellate-counsel claim is predicated
on appellate counsel’s failure to raise a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
6 Downing’s failure to allege facts to support his claim of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel renders meritless his claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. See
Carridine, 867 N.W.2d at 494 (“When a petitioner bases his ineffective-assistance-of-
appellate-counsel claim on appellate counsel’s failure to raise a claim of ineffective
assistance of trial counsel, he must first show that trial counsel was ineffective.”). We
conclude that the postconviction court did not abuse its discretion by summarily denying
relief on Downing’s postconviction claims without making findings of fact and conclusions
of law regarding each of those claims.
Affirmed.