RENDERED: NOVEMBER 17, 2023; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals NO. 2023-CA-0006-MR
AARON M. EASTHAM, II APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM GREENUP CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE BRIAN CHRISTOPHER MCCLOUD, JUDGE ACTION NO. 18-CR-00162
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: COMBS, JONES, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.
COMBS, JUDGE: Appellant, Aaron Eastham, II (Eastham), was convicted of
first-degree sexual abuse and received a sentence of five years. He appeals as a
matter of right. After our review, we affirm.
In 2018, Eastham was still a minor who was living in foster care with
the family of A.M., the child-victim. On June 28, 2018, a Greenup County Grand
Jury indicted Eastham and charged him with the offense of sexual abuse first degree in violation of KRS1 510.110, reciting that “on or about April 2, 2018,” he
subjected “A.M. to sexual contact while she was incapable of consent, because she
was less than twelve years of age.” On that date, A.M. was six years of age and
Eastham had just turned 18. The case was tried on August, 15, 2022, and a jury
convicted him of sexual abuse first degree, victim under 12. Eastham was
sentenced to five years.
Eastham appeals as a matter of right.
Eastham first argues that the trial court erred in denying defense
counsel’s motions for a directed verdict of acquittal on the charge of first-degree
sexual abuse because there was insufficient evidence of sexual contact. At the
close of the Commonwealth’s case, defense counsel moved for a directed verdict
of acquittal on the charge of first-degree sexual abuse and argued that the diagram
which A.M. had used to show where Eastham touched her did not show that he had
touched her in a sexual or intimate place. If a touching arguably took place, the
Commonwealth did not meet its burden to show that it was done in order to satisfy
a sexual desire. The trial court denied the motion. At the close of Eastham’s case,
defense counsel renewed the motion, which the court again denied.
On motion for directed verdict, the trial court must draw all fair and reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the Commonwealth. If the evidence is sufficient to induce a reasonable juror to believe beyond
1 Kentucky Revised Statutes.
-2- a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty, a directed verdict should not be given. For the purpose of ruling on the motion, the trial court must assume that the evidence for the Commonwealth is true, but reserving to the jury questions as to the credibility and weight to be given to such testimony.
On appellate review, the test of a directed verdict is, if under the evidence as a whole, it would be clearly unreasonable for a jury to find guilt, only then the defendant is entitled to a directed verdict of acquittal.
Commonwealth v. Benham, 816 S.W.2d 186, 187 (Ky. 1991).
KRS 510.110(1)(b)2. provides that “[a] person is guilty of sexual
abuse in the first degree when . . . [h]e or she subjects another person to sexual
contact who is incapable of consent because he or she . . . [i]s less than twelve (12)
years old[.]” The applicable version of KRS 510.010(7) defines “sexual contact”
as “any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a person done for the
purpose of gratifying the sexual desire of either party[.]”
Eastham argues that “it was not enough that [his] hand merely
touched the outside of A.M.’s vagina.” He contends that the Commonwealth failed
to provide sufficient proof from which the jury could make permissible inferences
that any touching was for sexual gratification. We cannot agree. “Sexual
gratification is a single element of the crime of sexual abuse in the first degree. . . .
Intent can be inferred from the actions of an accused and the surrounding
circumstances. The jury has wide latitude in inferring intent from the evidence.”
-3- Tungate v. Commonwealth, 901 S.W.2d 41, 42 (Ky. 1995) (quoting Anastasi v.
Commonwealth, 754 S.W.2d 860, 862 (Ky. 1988)).
A.M. testified that Eastham touched “her private” with his hand
inside of her clothes on the outside of her vagina. It was skin-to-skin contact.
A.M. further testified that Eastham had told her that they were boyfriend and
girlfriend, and that is what boyfriends and girlfriends do -- touch each other. It was
not clearly unreasonable for the jury to infer and to find beyond a reasonable doubt
that the touching was done was for the purpose of his sexual gratification. The
trial court did not err in denying Eastham’s motions for directed verdict.
Eastham’s second argument is that the trial court erred when it denied
defense counsel’s motion for a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense of
third-degree sexual abuse. KRS 510.130(1) provides that “[a] person is guilty of
sexual abuse in the third degree when he or she subjects another person to sexual
contact without the latter’s consent.” In denying the instruction, the trial court
explained that the only element which is different between first- and third-degree
sexual abuse is the age of the victim. First-degree sexual abuse requires the jury to
find that the victim was less than 12 years of age. Eastham contends that there was
no proof other than the language that the child was “of that age”; i.e., less than 12
years.
-4- On appeal, Eastham argues that there was uncertainty in the
testimony about when and how old A.M. was when the touching occurred. He
speculates that “that if the jury had been given another option it may have
convicted on the lesser charge.” However, that argument is without merit.
“A court is required to instruct a jury on all offenses that are
supported by the evidence.” Clark v. Commonwealth, 223 S.W.3d 90, 93 (Ky.
2007). In Clark, the defendant was charged with two counts of first-degree sexual
abuse. At issue was whether it was error not to instruct the jury on the lesser
offense of sexual abuse in the second degree. Our Supreme Court explained that
“the line dividing the offense of first-degree sexual abuse from second-degree
sexual abuse is whether the victim is under twelve years old . . . .” Id. It held that
“second-degree sexual abuse is not a classic lesser-included offense of first-degree
sexual abuse because the age of the victim at the time of the abuse is usually
clear.” Id. at 94. The Court noted the commentary in 1 WILLIAM S. COOPER AND
DONALD P. CETRULO, KENTUCKY INSTRUCTIONS TO JURIES, CRIMINAL § 4.48:
“that if there is an issue as to the age of the victim, an instruction on Second–
Degree Sexual Abuse and/or Third-Degree Sexual Abuse should be given as a
lesser-included offense of first-degree sexual abuse.” Clark, 223 S.W.3d at 94, n.
7 (emphasis added) (cleaned up).
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RENDERED: NOVEMBER 17, 2023; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals NO. 2023-CA-0006-MR
AARON M. EASTHAM, II APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM GREENUP CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE BRIAN CHRISTOPHER MCCLOUD, JUDGE ACTION NO. 18-CR-00162
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: COMBS, JONES, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.
COMBS, JUDGE: Appellant, Aaron Eastham, II (Eastham), was convicted of
first-degree sexual abuse and received a sentence of five years. He appeals as a
matter of right. After our review, we affirm.
In 2018, Eastham was still a minor who was living in foster care with
the family of A.M., the child-victim. On June 28, 2018, a Greenup County Grand
Jury indicted Eastham and charged him with the offense of sexual abuse first degree in violation of KRS1 510.110, reciting that “on or about April 2, 2018,” he
subjected “A.M. to sexual contact while she was incapable of consent, because she
was less than twelve years of age.” On that date, A.M. was six years of age and
Eastham had just turned 18. The case was tried on August, 15, 2022, and a jury
convicted him of sexual abuse first degree, victim under 12. Eastham was
sentenced to five years.
Eastham appeals as a matter of right.
Eastham first argues that the trial court erred in denying defense
counsel’s motions for a directed verdict of acquittal on the charge of first-degree
sexual abuse because there was insufficient evidence of sexual contact. At the
close of the Commonwealth’s case, defense counsel moved for a directed verdict
of acquittal on the charge of first-degree sexual abuse and argued that the diagram
which A.M. had used to show where Eastham touched her did not show that he had
touched her in a sexual or intimate place. If a touching arguably took place, the
Commonwealth did not meet its burden to show that it was done in order to satisfy
a sexual desire. The trial court denied the motion. At the close of Eastham’s case,
defense counsel renewed the motion, which the court again denied.
On motion for directed verdict, the trial court must draw all fair and reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the Commonwealth. If the evidence is sufficient to induce a reasonable juror to believe beyond
1 Kentucky Revised Statutes.
-2- a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty, a directed verdict should not be given. For the purpose of ruling on the motion, the trial court must assume that the evidence for the Commonwealth is true, but reserving to the jury questions as to the credibility and weight to be given to such testimony.
On appellate review, the test of a directed verdict is, if under the evidence as a whole, it would be clearly unreasonable for a jury to find guilt, only then the defendant is entitled to a directed verdict of acquittal.
Commonwealth v. Benham, 816 S.W.2d 186, 187 (Ky. 1991).
KRS 510.110(1)(b)2. provides that “[a] person is guilty of sexual
abuse in the first degree when . . . [h]e or she subjects another person to sexual
contact who is incapable of consent because he or she . . . [i]s less than twelve (12)
years old[.]” The applicable version of KRS 510.010(7) defines “sexual contact”
as “any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a person done for the
purpose of gratifying the sexual desire of either party[.]”
Eastham argues that “it was not enough that [his] hand merely
touched the outside of A.M.’s vagina.” He contends that the Commonwealth failed
to provide sufficient proof from which the jury could make permissible inferences
that any touching was for sexual gratification. We cannot agree. “Sexual
gratification is a single element of the crime of sexual abuse in the first degree. . . .
Intent can be inferred from the actions of an accused and the surrounding
circumstances. The jury has wide latitude in inferring intent from the evidence.”
-3- Tungate v. Commonwealth, 901 S.W.2d 41, 42 (Ky. 1995) (quoting Anastasi v.
Commonwealth, 754 S.W.2d 860, 862 (Ky. 1988)).
A.M. testified that Eastham touched “her private” with his hand
inside of her clothes on the outside of her vagina. It was skin-to-skin contact.
A.M. further testified that Eastham had told her that they were boyfriend and
girlfriend, and that is what boyfriends and girlfriends do -- touch each other. It was
not clearly unreasonable for the jury to infer and to find beyond a reasonable doubt
that the touching was done was for the purpose of his sexual gratification. The
trial court did not err in denying Eastham’s motions for directed verdict.
Eastham’s second argument is that the trial court erred when it denied
defense counsel’s motion for a jury instruction on the lesser-included offense of
third-degree sexual abuse. KRS 510.130(1) provides that “[a] person is guilty of
sexual abuse in the third degree when he or she subjects another person to sexual
contact without the latter’s consent.” In denying the instruction, the trial court
explained that the only element which is different between first- and third-degree
sexual abuse is the age of the victim. First-degree sexual abuse requires the jury to
find that the victim was less than 12 years of age. Eastham contends that there was
no proof other than the language that the child was “of that age”; i.e., less than 12
years.
-4- On appeal, Eastham argues that there was uncertainty in the
testimony about when and how old A.M. was when the touching occurred. He
speculates that “that if the jury had been given another option it may have
convicted on the lesser charge.” However, that argument is without merit.
“A court is required to instruct a jury on all offenses that are
supported by the evidence.” Clark v. Commonwealth, 223 S.W.3d 90, 93 (Ky.
2007). In Clark, the defendant was charged with two counts of first-degree sexual
abuse. At issue was whether it was error not to instruct the jury on the lesser
offense of sexual abuse in the second degree. Our Supreme Court explained that
“the line dividing the offense of first-degree sexual abuse from second-degree
sexual abuse is whether the victim is under twelve years old . . . .” Id. It held that
“second-degree sexual abuse is not a classic lesser-included offense of first-degree
sexual abuse because the age of the victim at the time of the abuse is usually
clear.” Id. at 94. The Court noted the commentary in 1 WILLIAM S. COOPER AND
DONALD P. CETRULO, KENTUCKY INSTRUCTIONS TO JURIES, CRIMINAL § 4.48:
“that if there is an issue as to the age of the victim, an instruction on Second–
Degree Sexual Abuse and/or Third-Degree Sexual Abuse should be given as a
lesser-included offense of first-degree sexual abuse.” Clark, 223 S.W.3d at 94, n.
7 (emphasis added) (cleaned up).
-5- In the case before us, there is no issue as to the age of the victim. It is
undisputed that A.M. was six years old when Eastham sexually abused her. The
trial court did not err in denying counsel’s request for a lesser-included offense
instruction.
Eastham’s third and final argument is that palpable error occurred
when Deputy Tabor and A.M.’s mother testified about what A.M. had told them --
and defense counsel did not object contemporaneously to the testimony as
impermissible hearsay.
[Where an] issue is unpreserved for appellate review by contemporaneous objection . . . our review is governed by the palpable error standard found at Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure (RCr) 10.26. For an error to be palpable, it must be easily perceptible, plain, obvious and readily noticeable. A palpable error “must involve prejudice more egregious than that occurring in reversible error. A palpable error must be so grave in nature that if it were uncorrected, it would seriously affect the fairness of the proceedings. Thus, what a palpable error analysis boils down to is whether the reviewing court believes there is a substantial possibility that the result in the case would have been different without the error. If not, the error cannot be palpable.
Brewer v. Commonwealth, 206 S.W.3d 343, 348-49 (Ky. 2006) (cleaned up).
In seeking reversal, Eastham and relies upon Bussey v.
Commonwealth, 797 S.W.2d 483 (Ky. 1990). In Bussey, our Supreme Court
explained as follows:
-6- To arrive at a conviction, it was necessary for the jury to believe the victim and disbelieve appellant. . . . This process was flawed when four law enforcement witnesses were permitted to bolster the victim’s testimony by repeating what he had told them. Accordingly, we must reverse the conviction.
In his reply brief, Eastham also relies upon Alford v. Commonwealth, 338 S.W.3d
240 (Ky. 2011), which holds that “[t]here is no hearsay exception for statements
made by an alleged victim of sexual abuse to a police detective.” Id. at 246. In
Alford, the victim’s “in-court and out-of-court statements [to police] were the only
evidence linking Appellant to the evidence of sexual contact.” Id.
Bussey and Alford are distinguishable from the facts of the case
before us. In addition to A.M.’s testimony and the alleged hearsay issue related to
it, A.M.’s mother testified that she saw Eastham with his hand down her
daughter’s pants. Moreover, Eastham admitted on body-cam video that he
touched the outside of the victim’s private parts. We agree with the
Commonwealth that Eastham cannot establish that the result of the trial would
have been different if the victim’s mother and Deputy Tabor had not testified
about what A.M. had told them.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of conviction of the Greenup
Circuit Court.
ALL CONCUR.
-7- BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Steven J. Buck Daniel Cameron Frankfort, Kentucky Attorney General of Kentucky
Courtney J. Hightower Assistant Attorney General Frankfort, Kentucky
-8-