Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
KRISTIN A. MULHOLLAND GREGORY F. ZOELLER Office of the Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana Crown Point, Indiana JODI KATHRYN STEIN Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
FILED Jan 22 2013, 9:10 am IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA CLERK of the supreme court, court of appeals and tax court
AARON DI-SHON WINDOM, ) ) Appellant-Defendant, ) ) vs. ) No. 45A03-1206-CR-253 ) STATE OF INDIANA, ) ) Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE LAKE SUPERIOR COURT The Honorable Thomas P. Stefaniak, Jr., Judge Cause No. 45G04-1103-FA-8
January 22, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
BAILEY, Judge Case Summary
Aaron Di-Shon Windom (“Windom”) appeals his convictions for two counts of
Attempted Battery, as Class C felonies,1 and one count of Criminal Recklessness, a Class C
felony.2 We affirm.
Issue
Windom presents a single issue for review: Whether the trial court abused its
discretion in admitting testimony that Windom had been captured submerged in water after a
high speed police chase and dog tracking.
Facts and Procedural History
On February 17, 2011, Robert Lyons (“Lyons”) was driving a vehicle on Highway I-
80/94 and Brenda Driver (“Driver”) was a passenger in the back seat, attending to their two-
month-old infant in his car-seat. When Lyons’ vehicle was in the far left lane, a silver Dodge
Charger rapidly approached and the driver flashed his lights. Lyons responded by “flipping
off” the driver of the Charger. (Tr. 157.)
Driver watched as the silver Charger pulled beside the vehicle Lyons was driving.
She saw the driver’s face and observed that he had a gun. Driver warned Lyons and put her
arm and head over the car-seat to shield her infant son. The Charger slowed and moved into
a position that was diagonal to Lyons’ vehicle. Driver and Lyons then heard multiple shots.
Lyons pulled over to the side of the road and called 9-1-1. The Charger sped away.
1 Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1, § 35-41-5-1. 2 Ind. Code § 35-42-2-2.
2 Although Lyons, Driver, and their infant son were unharmed, at least eight bullets had struck
their vehicle.
Driver assisted a police artist in constructing a composite sketch of the shooter, and
the police issued a bulletin with the composite sketch and a description of the Charger.
During the ensuing investigation, Lyons viewed a photographic lineup and was able to
identify Windom as the shooter.
Five days after the shooting, Indiana State Trooper Sean Swaim (“Trooper Swaim”)
received information from Fountain County authorities that a silver Charger matching the
description of the one involved in the shooting was traveling on Interstate 74. As Trooper
Swaim encountered the vehicle, he saw that the right front tire appeared to have encountered
stop sticks and was shredding. He pursued the vehicle as it traveled at speeds ranging from
80 to 100 miles per hour. The Charger was driven off the side of the highway and into a
ditch.
Trooper Swaim saw the driver, armed with a gun, exit the vehicle and run into the
woods. Assisted by other officers, he obtained a tracking dog to pursue the suspect, and the
dog alerted upon arrival at a log in a creek. The police located Windom submerged in the
water under the log where the tracking dog had alerted. An Indiana State Police dive team
was able to retrieve a gun from the water near the log. DNA testing revealed that Windom’s
DNA had been deposited upon the abandoned Charger’s interior, and forensic testing
revealed that shell casings inside the Charger had been fired from the pistol retrieved from
3 the creek.3
The State charged Windom with three counts each of Attempted Murder, Attempted
Battery, and Criminal Recklessness. The State also alleged him to be a habitual offender.
Windom was brought to trial before a jury trial on March 29, 2012. During opening
argument, Windom’s counsel admitted that there were three eyewitnesses (Lyons, Driver, and
Windom’s passenger) to the shooting and that Windom had in fact fired a gun into Lyons’
vehicle. However, counsel argued that Windom’s actions had been reckless as opposed to
intentional.
The jury acquitted Windom of Attempted Murder and one of the Attempted Battery
counts but convicted him of two counts of Attempted Battery and three counts of Criminal
Recklessness. Windom admitted his status as a habitual offender. The trial court entered a
judgment of conviction on each of the Attempted Battery convictions and a single count of
Criminal Recklessness. Windom was sentenced to five years imprisonment for each
Attempted Battery conviction, to be served consecutively, and nineteen months for the
Criminal Recklessness conviction. He received a ten-year sentence enhancement due to his
habitual offender status, providing for an aggregate sentence of twenty years. This appeal
ensued.
Discussion and Decision
Windom contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his flight and
capture. Conceding that flight could show consciousness of guilt in some circumstances, he
3 Bullet fragments recovered from Lyons’ vehicle could not be conclusively matched to the pistol.
4 argues that it is logical to assume that he was evading capture on a murder charge in an
unrelated case as opposed to the Lyons shooting.4 Based upon this assumption that the flight
was irrelevant to the instant charges, Windom then argues that the challenged evidence
encouraged the jury to find him to be of poor character and to convict him of intentional
conduct instead of merely reckless conduct.
A trial court has broad discretion in ruling on the admissibility of evidence. Camm v.
State, 908 N.E.2d 215, 225 (Ind. 2009). We will reverse the trial court’s decision only when
it is clearly against the facts and circumstances before the court; moreover, even if the trial
court abused its discretion in admitting evidence, the judgment will be undisturbed if the
decision to admit evidence is harmless error. Granger v. State, 946 N.E.2d 1209, 1213 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2011). “Harmless error occurs ‘when the conviction is supported by such
substantial independent evidence of guilt as to satisfy the reviewing court that there is no
substantial likelihood that the questioned evidence contributed to the conviction.’” Id.
(quoting Lafayette v. State, 917 N.E.2d 660, 666 (Ind. 2009)). Accordingly, we reverse only
when the record as a whole discloses that the evidence admitted in error likely had a
prejudicial impact upon the mind of the average juror, thereby contributing to the verdict. Id.
Windom claims that the trial court admitted the flight and capture evidence in
violation of Evidence Rule 404(b), which provides in relevant part:
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
KRISTIN A. MULHOLLAND GREGORY F. ZOELLER Office of the Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana Crown Point, Indiana JODI KATHRYN STEIN Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
FILED Jan 22 2013, 9:10 am IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA CLERK of the supreme court, court of appeals and tax court
AARON DI-SHON WINDOM, ) ) Appellant-Defendant, ) ) vs. ) No. 45A03-1206-CR-253 ) STATE OF INDIANA, ) ) Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE LAKE SUPERIOR COURT The Honorable Thomas P. Stefaniak, Jr., Judge Cause No. 45G04-1103-FA-8
January 22, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
BAILEY, Judge Case Summary
Aaron Di-Shon Windom (“Windom”) appeals his convictions for two counts of
Attempted Battery, as Class C felonies,1 and one count of Criminal Recklessness, a Class C
felony.2 We affirm.
Issue
Windom presents a single issue for review: Whether the trial court abused its
discretion in admitting testimony that Windom had been captured submerged in water after a
high speed police chase and dog tracking.
Facts and Procedural History
On February 17, 2011, Robert Lyons (“Lyons”) was driving a vehicle on Highway I-
80/94 and Brenda Driver (“Driver”) was a passenger in the back seat, attending to their two-
month-old infant in his car-seat. When Lyons’ vehicle was in the far left lane, a silver Dodge
Charger rapidly approached and the driver flashed his lights. Lyons responded by “flipping
off” the driver of the Charger. (Tr. 157.)
Driver watched as the silver Charger pulled beside the vehicle Lyons was driving.
She saw the driver’s face and observed that he had a gun. Driver warned Lyons and put her
arm and head over the car-seat to shield her infant son. The Charger slowed and moved into
a position that was diagonal to Lyons’ vehicle. Driver and Lyons then heard multiple shots.
Lyons pulled over to the side of the road and called 9-1-1. The Charger sped away.
1 Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1, § 35-41-5-1. 2 Ind. Code § 35-42-2-2.
2 Although Lyons, Driver, and their infant son were unharmed, at least eight bullets had struck
their vehicle.
Driver assisted a police artist in constructing a composite sketch of the shooter, and
the police issued a bulletin with the composite sketch and a description of the Charger.
During the ensuing investigation, Lyons viewed a photographic lineup and was able to
identify Windom as the shooter.
Five days after the shooting, Indiana State Trooper Sean Swaim (“Trooper Swaim”)
received information from Fountain County authorities that a silver Charger matching the
description of the one involved in the shooting was traveling on Interstate 74. As Trooper
Swaim encountered the vehicle, he saw that the right front tire appeared to have encountered
stop sticks and was shredding. He pursued the vehicle as it traveled at speeds ranging from
80 to 100 miles per hour. The Charger was driven off the side of the highway and into a
ditch.
Trooper Swaim saw the driver, armed with a gun, exit the vehicle and run into the
woods. Assisted by other officers, he obtained a tracking dog to pursue the suspect, and the
dog alerted upon arrival at a log in a creek. The police located Windom submerged in the
water under the log where the tracking dog had alerted. An Indiana State Police dive team
was able to retrieve a gun from the water near the log. DNA testing revealed that Windom’s
DNA had been deposited upon the abandoned Charger’s interior, and forensic testing
revealed that shell casings inside the Charger had been fired from the pistol retrieved from
3 the creek.3
The State charged Windom with three counts each of Attempted Murder, Attempted
Battery, and Criminal Recklessness. The State also alleged him to be a habitual offender.
Windom was brought to trial before a jury trial on March 29, 2012. During opening
argument, Windom’s counsel admitted that there were three eyewitnesses (Lyons, Driver, and
Windom’s passenger) to the shooting and that Windom had in fact fired a gun into Lyons’
vehicle. However, counsel argued that Windom’s actions had been reckless as opposed to
intentional.
The jury acquitted Windom of Attempted Murder and one of the Attempted Battery
counts but convicted him of two counts of Attempted Battery and three counts of Criminal
Recklessness. Windom admitted his status as a habitual offender. The trial court entered a
judgment of conviction on each of the Attempted Battery convictions and a single count of
Criminal Recklessness. Windom was sentenced to five years imprisonment for each
Attempted Battery conviction, to be served consecutively, and nineteen months for the
Criminal Recklessness conviction. He received a ten-year sentence enhancement due to his
habitual offender status, providing for an aggregate sentence of twenty years. This appeal
ensued.
Discussion and Decision
Windom contends that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his flight and
capture. Conceding that flight could show consciousness of guilt in some circumstances, he
3 Bullet fragments recovered from Lyons’ vehicle could not be conclusively matched to the pistol.
4 argues that it is logical to assume that he was evading capture on a murder charge in an
unrelated case as opposed to the Lyons shooting.4 Based upon this assumption that the flight
was irrelevant to the instant charges, Windom then argues that the challenged evidence
encouraged the jury to find him to be of poor character and to convict him of intentional
conduct instead of merely reckless conduct.
A trial court has broad discretion in ruling on the admissibility of evidence. Camm v.
State, 908 N.E.2d 215, 225 (Ind. 2009). We will reverse the trial court’s decision only when
it is clearly against the facts and circumstances before the court; moreover, even if the trial
court abused its discretion in admitting evidence, the judgment will be undisturbed if the
decision to admit evidence is harmless error. Granger v. State, 946 N.E.2d 1209, 1213 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2011). “Harmless error occurs ‘when the conviction is supported by such
substantial independent evidence of guilt as to satisfy the reviewing court that there is no
substantial likelihood that the questioned evidence contributed to the conviction.’” Id.
(quoting Lafayette v. State, 917 N.E.2d 660, 666 (Ind. 2009)). Accordingly, we reverse only
when the record as a whole discloses that the evidence admitted in error likely had a
prejudicial impact upon the mind of the average juror, thereby contributing to the verdict. Id.
Windom claims that the trial court admitted the flight and capture evidence in
violation of Evidence Rule 404(b), which provides in relevant part:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may,
4 On February 19, 2011, Windom’s friend was shot to death. The State charged Windom with Murder and Windom alleged self-defense.
5 however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident[.]
Evidence of extrinsic offenses poses the danger that the jury will convict the
defendant because he or she is a person of bad character generally, or has a tendency to
commit crimes. Bassett v. State, 795 N.E.2d 1050, 1053 (Ind. 2003). The rationale for the
prohibition against bad act and character evidence is that the jury is precluded from making
the forbidden inference that the defendant had a criminal propensity and therefore engaged in
the charged conduct. Monegan v. State, 721 N.E.2d 243, 248 (Ind. 1999). When a defendant
objects to the admission of evidence on the grounds that it violates Rule 404(b), and specific
acts evidence is offered for “other purposes,” the trial court is to:
determine that the evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is relevant to a matter at issue other than the defendant’s propensity to commit the charged act … determine that the proponent has sufficient proof that the person who allegedly committed the act did, in fact, commit the act … and third, balance the probative value of the evidence against its prejudicial effect pursuant to Rule 403.
Camm, 908 N.E.2d at 223.
Here, however, the State did not offer specific act evidence extrinsic to the charged
crime. “Flight and related conduct may be considered by a jury in determining a defendant’s
guilt.” Dill v. State, 741 N.E.2d 1230, 1232 (Ind. 2001). Windom provides no authority for
the exclusion of such evidence where a defendant is fleeing from multiple prosecutions. Too,
evidence of an accused person’s “guilty knowledge” is relevant evidence. Johnson v. State,
472 N.E.2d 892, 910 (Ind. 1985). As such, evidence of attempts to conceal or suppress
implicating evidence is admissible. See id. Accordingly, evidence that Windom abandoned
6 the Charger, fled, and hid his gun in creek waters was admissible for a purpose other than to
merely show his propensity to engage in wrongful acts. Windom has demonstrated no abuse
of discretion in the admission of evidence.
Affirmed.
VAIDIK, J., and BROWN, J., concur.