COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
AARON VERDINES, § No. 08-23-00312-CR
Appellant, § Appeal from the
v. § 175th Judicial District Court
THE STATE OF TEXAS, § of Bexar County, Texas
Appellee. § (TC# 2021CR2461)
OPINION
This appeal involves how we interpret and apply a unique statute of limitations provision
in the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure that allows for “no limitation” in sexual assault cases
under certain circumstances in which DNA testing is involved.
Appellant Aaron Verdines was indicted in 2021 on four counts of aggravated sexual assault
alleged to have occurred on or about July 1, 2003. Verdines filed a motion to dismiss the
indictment, contending the statute of limitations ran before he was indicted. He also filed a motion
to suppress any reference to a 1998 case, in which he had been charged with sexual assault, on the
ground that the charges had been dismissed and the case expunged from his record. After the trial
court denied both motions, Verdines pled no contest to all four counts in the indictment. The trial
court assessed punishment at 20 years’ confinement on each count, with the sentences to run concurrently, and certified his right to appeal on limited issues.1 Verdines appealed, challenging
the denial of both motions. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the judgment of conviction.2
I. THE LAW ON STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
A. General ten-year limitation period
In general, aggravated sexual assault of an adult has a ten-year limitation period. Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 12.01(2)(E) (specifying the general ten-year limit within which felony
indictments on sexual assault charges may be brought); Id. art. 12.03(d) (“Except as otherwise
provided by this chapter, any offense that bears the title ‘aggravated’ shall carry the same limitation
period as the primary crime.”).
B. No-limitation exception
However, during the time period relevant to this case, Texas Code of Criminal Procedure
Article 12.01, which has since been amended, provided a no-limitation exception to the general
ten-year statute of limitation under certain circumstances, specifically providing that there is: “(1)
no limitation [for] (B) sexual assault, if during the investigation of the offense biological matter is
collected and subjected to forensic DNA testing and the testing results show that the matter does
not match the victim or any other person whose identity is readily ascertained[.]”3 This provision
1 See Tex. R. App. P. 25.2(a)(2) (in “a case in which a defendant’s plea was . . . nolo contendere and the punishment did not exceed the punishment recommended by the prosecutor and agreed to by the defendant—a defendant may appeal . . . those matters that were raised by written motion filed and ruled on before trial”). 2 The appeal was transferred from the Fourth Court of Appeals pursuant to a Texas Supreme Court docket equalization order. Accordingly, we apply the Fourth Court of Appeals’ precedent to the extent it conflicts with our own. See Tex. R. App. P. 41.3.
3 See Act of April 4, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 12, § 1, art. 12.01(1)(B), 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 20, 20 (redesignated as Article 12.01(1)(C), but not substantively changed, as part of the Jessica Lunsford Act, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 593, § 1.03, art. 12.01(1)(C), 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1120, 1120 (codified at Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 12.01(1)(C))). The amendment was made retroactive to any pending cases not already time-barred. See id., § 4.01(c), art. 12.01, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws at 1148 (codified at Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 12.01). This version therefore applies to Verdines’s case.
2 articulates the conditions under which the no-limitation exception applies to both sexual assault
and aggravated sexual assault cases. See Ex parte Campozano, 610 S.W.3d 572, 575–76
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2020, pet. ref’d) (noting that although the no-limitation statute expressly refers
to sexual assault cases, it applies equally to aggravated sexual assault cases) (citing Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 12.03(d) (subjecting aggravated version of offense to same limitations period
as primary offense)).
Thus, based on the applicable statutory language, to apply the no-limitation exception to
Verdines’s case, the State was required to establish that biological matter was collected from the
complainant, it was subjected to DNA testing, and the testing results did not match the victim or
“any other person whose identity is readily ascertained.” Upon establishing these criteria, the
sexual assault case would be treated as having no limitation and may be brought at any time.
II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The facts in this case involve two unrelated sexual assault cases. In the case before us,
Verdines was indicted for aggravated sexual assault of a then-17-year-old complainant. She was
walking home from her boyfriend’s house in the early morning hours of July 31, 2003, when she
was assaulted by a stranger after he picked her up in his car and told her that he had a gun. The
record indicates that the complainant immediately reported the assault to her parents, who
contacted the San Antonio Police Department (SAPD) and took her to the hospital where
biological material was collected from her person. However, after the complainant failed to appear
The substance of the 2001 language changed in 2019 pursuant to The Lavinia Masters Act. See The Lavinia Masters Act, 86th Leg., R.S., ch. 408, § 2, art. 12.01(1)(C)(i), 2019 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 764, 764 (to be codified at Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 12.01(1)(C)(i)). The revised language of 2019 is similarly retroactive to all cases not barred by limitations. See id. at ch. 408, § 12, art. 12.01, 2019 Tex. Session Law Service at 772.
Given that our case regards whether the indictment was barred by limitations ten years after 2003, the applicable statutory language is the 2001 language we have quoted, which was in effect between 2001 and 2019. See Ex parte Campozano, 610 S.W.3d 572, 576 n.2 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2020, pet. ref’d).
3 to make a statement at the police station the next month, SAPD closed the case “pending
cooperation.”4
The record reflects that 12 years later, in February 2015, the complainant’s breast swab
material was submitted to BODE Technologies for analysis. Though the record does not contain a
report from BODE Technologies, it is clear that DNA was extracted from the material that did not
match the victim, and that DNA profile was thereafter uploaded into the CODIS database (the
FBI’s Combined DNA Index System) on an undisclosed date.5
In the meantime, Verdines’s DNA profile had been in the CODIS database since at least
1999 from an unrelated sexual assault in 1998, which the Bexar County Sheriff’s Office had been
investigating.6 On August 21, 2018, a match occurred in the CODIS system between the DNA
profile that was extracted from the complainant’s breast swab and Verdines’s DNA profile.
On August 28, 2018, the Bexar County Criminal Investigations Laboratory sent a letter to
a sergeant at the Bexar County Sheriff’s Office, signed by forensic scientist and local CODIS
administrator Robert Sailors (the Sailors letter). The Sailors letter stated there was a match between
the DNA profile that was collected in the Sheriff’s 1998 case and the DNA profile from the breast
swab in the 2003 sexual assault case that SAPD was investigating. The Sailors letter also stated,
“Your case [which we take to mean the Sheriff’s 1998 case] was previously involved in a CODIS
match to a convicted offender. The personal identifying information for this convicted offender
4 One of the officers who interviewed the complainant on the morning of the offense asked her if she was “making up the story” to get out of trouble with her parents, as she had spent the evening with her boyfriend and did not arrive home until approximately 3:30 a.m. 5 See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 411.141(1) (defining the term CODIS as used in the Government Code). 6 As discussed in more detail below, although we do not have any documentation relating to the 1998 case, the parties appear to agree that Verdines’s DNA profile was placed into the CODIS database after he was arrested by the Bexar County Sheriff’s Office and charged in the 1998 sexual assault. The charges against him were later dismissed after his co-defendant pled to the offense.
4 was provided to you on July 27, 2008 by Texas DPS.”7 See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 411.142
(providing that the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) runs the Texas DNA database, which
is compatible with CODIS).
The Sailors letter closed by informing the Sheriff’s office that “[y]our contact information
has been shared with the other agency involved in this database match” (which we take to mean
the database match between Verdines’s DNA profile and the DNA extracted in the 2003 case
SAPD was investigating). Shortly thereafter, in October 2018, Tiffany Bazazzadegan, another
forensic scientist and a local CODIS administrator working for DPS in Austin, emailed SAPD
personnel apprising them that there had been a match between the DNA profile obtained in the
Bexar County Sheriff’s 1998 case and the DNA profile obtained from the breast swab in the 2003
sexual assault case. The letter suggested that SAPD contact the Bexar County Sheriff’s Office for
more information concerning “this investigative lead.”
In January 2019, Shantel Kaster, another local CODIS administrator from the DPS office
in Austin, sent SAPD a letter with the subject line: “CODIS Match Confirmation for MID 207070.”
Kaster explained that on August 21, 2018, during a routine search in DPS’s CODIS laboratory,
there was a match between Verdines’s DNA profile and the DNA profile from the 2003 breast
swab. The letter stated, “[t]he CODIS sample has been re-examined and verified against the
original profile uploaded into the CODIS database.” The letter further advised SAPD that DPS
was notifying it of the match for the sole purpose of allowing SAPD to attain a search warrant to
obtain a specimen from Verdines, which could then be submitted to Bode Cellmark Forensics to
confirm the database match.
7 There is no additional information in the record regarding the 2008 match referenced in the Sailors letter.
5 After receiving the CODIS notification, an SAPD officer was assigned to the 2003 sexual
assault case. In May 2019, that officer contacted the complainant, who said she was willing to
cooperate with the investigation. In June 2019, pursuant to a search warrant, the SAPD officer
obtained a buccal swab from Verdines to confirm that his DNA matched the DNA from the breast
material from the 2003 sexual assault case. On May 28, 2020, the officer received confirmation
from a laboratory in Virginia that the DNA profiles matched. On March 17, 2021, Verdines was
indicted on four counts of aggravated sexual assault in the 2003 case.8 The indictment was devoid
of language pertaining to any applicable statute of limitations.
III. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Following his indictment, Verdines initially filed a broadly worded pretrial motion to
suppress in which he argued he had been unlawfully arrested and detained, and any statements he
made and any evidence obtained from his detention should be suppressed under the Fourth
Amendment. At the hearing on the motion, however, Verdines raised a new argument, seeking to
suppress any discussion or any testimony or evidence from [the 1998 sexual assault case], to
include any reference to his DNA profile collected in that case, contending that all of the records
from that case had been expunged in October 2019. The trial court denied the motion without
providing any basis for its decision.
After obtaining new defense counsel, Verdines filed a “Motion to Dismiss Indictment
Presented Outside the Statute of Limitations” (motion to dismiss) in which he asked the trial court
to dismiss the indictment because it was presented outside the ten-year statute of limitations.
Verdines attached to his motion the Sailors letter, which he argued demonstrated that there was a
8 An individual may be charged with aggravated sexual assault if during the course of the assault, by his “acts or words, [he] places the victim in fear . . . of death [or] serious bodily injury[.]” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.021(a)(2)(A)(ii).
6 CODIS match between Verdines’s DNA profile and the DNA from the breast swab as early as
2008. He argued that the ten-year statute of limitations began running at the time of the match—
in effect viewing the “no-limitation” statute as a provision that tolled the statute of limitations until
a DNA match was made.9 Consequently, he argued, the State had ten years to indict him after the
purported 2008 match occurred, but since the State did not indict him until 2021, the statute of
limitations had already expired.
In the trial court, the State appeared to agree with Verdines’s interpretation of the no-
limitation statute as a tolling provision. However, the State argued the statute was tolled until 2018,
when the Sailors letter was sent to the Bexar County Sheriff’s Office advising it of the DNA match.
The State further argued that, despite the reference in the Sailors letter to the 2008 match—which
the State described as a “routine check”—the statute of limitations did not start running until 2018,
contending “nobody was notified until 2018” of the “match in the CODIS system.” According to
the State, the 2021 indictment was filed three years into the ten-year statute of limitations.
Verdines, however, continued to argue that the match occurred in 2008, rather than 2018, and that
the Bexar County Sheriff’s Office was informed of the match at that time. He asserted that simply
because the Sheriff’s Office chose to turn a “blind eye” to the match in 2008, this did not mean
“everybody” (presumably referring to SAPD) gets to do so.
Following a hearing, the trial court denied the motion to dismiss, citing two of our sister
courts’ opinions interpreting the no-limitation statute, which we discuss below. See Ex parte
Campozano, 610 S.W.3d at 578; Ex parte Lovings, 480 S.W.3d 106, 111–12 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.) Thereafter, pursuant to a plea bargain, Verdines pled no contest to the
four counts in the indictment. Punishment was assessed at 20 years on each count, with the
9 At the hearing on the motion to dismiss, Verdines asked the trial court to consider the Sailors letter “under two hearsay exceptions to the business record and admission of the party opponent.” The State did not object to the letter, and both parties and the trial court discussed the information in the Sailors letter during the hearing.
7 sentences to run concurrently. After the trial court certified Verdines’s right to appeal on limited
issues, this appeal ensued.
IV. ISSUES ON APPEAL
On appeal, Verdines argues: (1) the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the
indictment because the statute of limitations had expired; (2) the trial court should have dismissed
the indictment because, on its face, the indictment did not contain any language tolling the
limitations period; and (3) the trial court abused its discretion by denying his motion to suppress
the DNA results.
V. PRETRIAL MOTION TO DISMISS
As a preliminary matter, we address the State’s argument that Verdines’s motion to dismiss
was an “improper procedural vehicle to assert [his] statute of limitations defense,” as it required
the “development of facts.” According to the State, the trial court was only authorized to determine
the merits of Verdines’s motion “from the four corners of the indictment, not from evidence outside
the indictment.” The State concludes that if Verdines wished to raise a statute of limitations
challenge to the indictment that involved evidentiary issues, he was required to do so during either
a bench or jury trial, and he waived his right to do so by entering his nolo contendere plea.10
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has expressly recognized that a defendant “may raise
a limitation claim before trial by a motion to dismiss under Texas Code of Criminal Procedure
10 The State relies on the Court of Criminal Appeals holding in State ex rel. Lykos v. Fine, 330 S.W.3d 904 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) for the proposition that “there is no legal basis for a pre-trial evidentiary hearing to determine whether to dismiss an indictment for being outside the statute of limitations.” Lykos, however, does not support the State’s position. In Lykos, the defendant did not raise a challenge to the form or substance of his indictment; instead, he brought a pretrial motion to declare the death-penalty sentencing statute unconstitutional and prevent its application in his case. Lykos, 330 S.W.3d at 906. The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on the defendant’s claim, but the Court of Criminal Appeals held that it was improper for the trial court to do so, as the defendant’s motion was based on an “as applied” challenge to the statute. Id. The court reasoned that it was premature to bring an as-applied challenge to the death penalty statute prior to trial, as the defendant had neither been convicted nor sentenced to the death penalty, and there was a possibility that he would be found not guilty at trial, making the issue entirely “hypothetical.” Id. at 911–12.
8 Article 27.08(2), he may raise it at trial as a defense, or he may waive it.”11 Ex parte Edwards,
663 S.W.3d 614, 617 (Tex. Crim. App. 2022) (citing Proctor v. State, 967 S.W.2d 840, 844
(Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (en banc) (“Before trial, a defendant may assert the statute of limitations
defense by filing a motion to dismiss under Article 27.08(2) of the Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure.”)). As in Verdines’s case, the defendant in Edwards was indicted for sexual assault
outside the ten-year statute of limitations, but the indictment did not include any facts to indicate
that the statute was tolled or that it was subject to any exception. Id. at 615–16. The defendant
brought a pretrial petition for a writ of habeas corpus seeking to dismiss the indictment, and the
State responded by raising the statutory exception for situations in which biological material was
collected and forensic testing done. Id. The court concluded that although the defendant could not
raise this issue in a pretrial habeas petition because it was a reparable defect, he could have raised
the issue in a pretrial motion to dismiss or quash the indictment. Id.
In other words, as the Court of Criminal Appeals explained last year, “[g]enerally, a pretrial
writ of habeas corpus is not available to test the sufficiency of an indictment” on a statute-of-
limitation complaint “if the record suggests the indictment can be amended to cure the defect or if
a statute provides that the applicable limitations period may turn on a question of fact.” Ex parte
Vieira, 676 S.W.3d 654, 657 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023).12 In those instances, as is the case here, the
fact-based statute-of-limitation complaint must be brought through a pretrial motion to dismiss or
quash or as a defensive issue at trial. Edwards, 663 S.W.3d at 618 (recognizing that where an
11 Article 27.08(2) provides that “[t]here is no exception to the substance of an indictment . . . except . . . it appears from the face thereof that a prosecution for the offense is barred by a lapse of time, or that the offense was committed after the finding of the indictment.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 27.08 (2). 12 In Vieira, the court found the defendant’s pretrial writ of habeas corpus cognizable “because there is nothing to consider beyond the face of the indictment, and resolution in his favor would render the indictment irreparable.” Ex parte Vieira, 676 S.W.3d 654, 658 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023). The court explained: “Nothing in the relevant statutes suggests that the applicable statute of limitations might turn on a fact issue. Neither the indictment nor the record includes any facts that would otherwise toll or extend the limitations period, and the State does not claim that they do.” Id. at 657–58.
9 indictment is “reparable by resort to an exception[,]” a “statute-of-limitation claim is not
cognizable on pretrial habeas” and must instead be “raised in a motion to quash and/or as a defense
at trial”); see also Ex parte Smith, 178 S.W.3d 797, 805 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (per curiam)
(holding that a defendant must bring a motion to dismiss or quash an indictment prior to trial to
challenge the sufficiency of a tolling allegation in a pleading to give the State the opportunity to
repair or amend the pleading before the start of trial).13
Article 28.01, § 1 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides that a trial court “may
set any criminal case for a pre-trial hearing before it is set for trial upon its merits . . . to determine
. . . [p]leadings of the defendant [or] . . . [e]xceptions to the form or substance of the indictment or
information[.]” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 28.01, § 1(2), (4). Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals has held that “[t]he plain language of Article 28.01, § 1 contains no express legislative
intent to deprive trial courts of their discretionary authority to hold pretrial evidentiary hearings on
preliminary matters that can, and should be, resolved expeditiously.” State v. Hill, 499 S.W.3d
853, 866–67 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); see also State v. Rosenbaum, 910 S.W.2d 934, 935
(Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (recognizing that a trial court has the “authority to hold [a] pretrial hearing,
hear evidence regarding materiality, and make the legal determination” as to whether the
allegations in an indictment were legally sufficient to support the perjury offense).14
13 In fact, a defendant risks forfeiting his right to raise a statute of limitations issue if it is not raised before trial or during the presentation of evidence on a plea of nolo contendere. See Floyd v. State, 983 S.W.2d 273, 274 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (en banc) (citing Proctor, 967 S.W.2d at 844). 14 In Rosenbaum, the court contrasted the defendant’s challenge to the legal sufficiency of the allegations in an indictment, with a challenge that there was insufficient evidence presented to the grand jury to support the indictment’s factual allegations. State v. Rosenbaum, 910 S.W.2d 934, 935 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). The court concluded that the defendant could not raise the latter challenge, as the trial court did not have the authority “to consider evidence beyond the face of the indictment to test the sufficiency of the materiality allegations,” or hold a “minitrial” to test the sufficiency of the evidence. Id. at 941, 947 (recognizing that “[t]he statutes authorizing pretrial proceedings do not contemplate a “minitrial” on the merits of allegations made in the charging instrument”). Here, however, Verdines does not make a challenge to the merits of the allegation, nor did the trial court hold a “minitrial” on the merits of the factual allegations in the indictment.
10 Here, the question of whether the no-limitation exception to the ten-year statute of
limitations for sexual assault applied to Verdines’s case is a question that could be, and was,
resolved prior to trial in an expeditious manner. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court had
the authority to hold a pretrial evidentiary hearing on Verdines’s motion to dismiss and to resolve
the question of whether the no-limitation exception applied. We therefore turn to the merits of
Verdines’s argument that the statute of limitations had already run by the time the grand jury
indicted him.
VI. THE NO-LIMITATION STATUTE APPLIES
In his first issue, Verdines contends the State failed to establish that the no-limitation statute
applies to his case, and instead, the ten-year statute of limitations applies. Verdines maintains that
the applicable ten-year statute of limitations either began running in 2003, when the offense
occurred, or was tolled until 2008, when he believes a CODIS match first occurred. In turn,
regardless of which date we apply, he argues, ten years had already run by the time the grand jury
indicted him in 2021. As explained below, however, we agree with the State that the no-limitation
exception applies, and the indictment is therefore not time-barred.
A. Standard of review
In large part, our decision as to whether Verdines’s case is time-barred depends on how we
construe the requirements set forth in the no-limitation statute. Statutory construction is a question
of law, which we review de novo. Sims v. State, 569 S.W.3d 634, 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019).
When construing statutes, we “seek to effectuate the ‘collective’ intent or purpose of the legislators
who enacted the legislation.” Id. (citing Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App.
1991)). If the language of a statute is plain, “we follow that language unless it leads to absurd
results that the legislature could not have possibly intended.” Id. But “[w]hen the plain language
leads to absurd results, or if the language of the statute is ambiguous, we consult extra-textual
11 factors to discern the legislature’s intent.” Id. (citing Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 785–86). An
“ambiguity exists when a statute may be understood by reasonably well-informed persons in two
or more different senses; conversely, a statute is unambiguous when it permits only one reasonable
understanding.” See Bryant v. State, 391 S.W.3d 86, 92 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (citing Mahaffey
v. State, 364 S.W.3d 908, 913 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)).
B. Applicable law
As set forth above, the applicable no-limitation provision of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, as it existed from 2001 to 2019, provided that there was no statute of limitations for
certain sexual assault cases when biological material is collected from a complainant and submitted
for testing, and “testing results show that the matter does not match the victim or any other person
whose identity is readily ascertained.” 15 This former code provision, which has since been
amended, was only interpreted in a handful of cases. But we can garner at least three principles
from those cases that we apply in our analysis today.
First, the State shoulders the burden of establishing that the no-limitation statute applies as
an exception to the general ten-year statute of limitations for sexual assault cases. See Ex parte
Campozano, 610 S.W.3d at 578 (recognizing that the State had the burden of establishing that all
three requirements in the no-limitation statute were met in response to the defendant’s habeas
petition); State v. Schunior, 467 S.W.3d 79, 81 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2015), aff’d, 506 S.W.3d
29 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (recognizing that a statute of limitations is “construed strictly against
the State and liberally in favor of the defendant [and] . . . [i]f it appears the alleged offense is barred
by limitations, then the State must plead and prove factors tolling the limitations period).
15 See citation and explanation in footnote 3.
12 Second, although the Code provides that the biological material collected from a
complainant must be submitted during law enforcement’s “investigation” of a case, there are no
temporal limits in the statute regarding how long an investigation may last, nor any prohibition
against law enforcement temporarily suspending its investigation, such as here, when a
complainant appears unwilling to cooperate. See Ex parte Lovings, 480 S.W.3d at 111–12
(recognizing that the statute does not impose any “temporal limits” on how long a police
investigation may last and that an investigation may be considered ongoing even if suspended due
to the complainant’s failure to cooperate). In addition, courts have expressly held that there is no
time limit stated in the Code by which the State must submit the biological material collected from
a complainant for DNA testing. See Ex parte Campozano, 610 S.W.3d at 576 (holding that the no-
limitation statute applied where sexual assault occurred in 2000, but the biological material
collected from the complainant was not submitted for DNA testing until 2015, as there are no
temporal limits in the Code for the police to submit the material for testing earlier) (citing Ex parte
Montgomery, No. 05-19-01237-CR, 2017 WL 3271088 at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Sept. 23, 2020,
pet. ref’d) (finding the no-limitation statute applied where victim was sexually assaulted in 1989,
but DNA testing on recovered biological evidence did not occur until 2012)).
Third, there is no requirement in the Code that law enforcement take any affirmative steps
to obtain a DNA match after a DNA profile has been extracted from the collected biological
material. The only requirement for applying the no-limitation statute is that the biological material
be submitted for testing; there is no requirement that law enforcement submit the DNA profile to
the CODIS database within a certain time. Ex parte Lovings, 480 S.W.3d at 112 (recognizing that
there is no diligence requirement in the Code and that if the legislature had meant to impose
additional duties on the State to take proactive steps to ensure a DNA match, “it could have done
13 so explicitly”); Ex parte Campozano, 610 S.W.3d at 580 (recognizing that “[t]he statute as written
does not require the State to fish for suspects in the CODIS database”).
With these principles in mind, we turn to Verdines’s argument that the State did not meet
its burden of establishing that the no-limitation statute applies to his case.
C. The statutory requirements were met.
Verdines concedes that the first two requirements of the no-limitation statute were met: as
biological material was collected from the complainant and the material was submitted for testing.
He does not contend that the State was required to submit the biological testing within a certain
time period or that the State was required to take any affirmative steps to secure a match in the
CODIS system within a certain time.
Nevertheless, with regard to the third requirement of the no-limitation statute, Verdines
argues the State failed to establish that the “testing results” did not match the victim or “any other
person whose identity is readily ascertained[.]” To the contrary, he argues, there was a 2008 match
in the CODIS database and law enforcement knew his identity as a possible suspect in the 2003
sexual assault at that time regardless of whether SAPD was notified of the match. Therefore, he
contends, the State only had until 2018 to indict him. We find at least three problems with this
argument.
(1) The no-limitation statute is not a tolling provision.
First, Verdines’s argument would, in effect, require us to treat the no-limitation statute as
a tolling provision serving to toll the ten-year statute of limitations until after biological material
is collected and a DNA profile extracted, but to run once a DNA match is made and the person’s
identity is ascertained.16 We do not agree with this interpretation. The no-limitation statute clearly
16 We note that Verdines’s argument appears to assume that the biological material from the complainant’s breast swab was tested in 2003 when it was collected and that a match occurred in 2008. But as explained below, the record does not support such an assumption.
14 states that the “no limitation” provision applies when the three requirements are met, i.e., that (1)
biological matter was collected, and (2) the material was subjected to DNA testing, and (3) the
“testing results” do not match the victim or “any other person whose identity is readily
ascertained.” If the legislature had wished to make this a tolling provision, it would have done so,
just as it has done in other provisions with language to make it clear that it is temporarily
suspending or pausing the running of the statute of limitations by indicating that certain periods of
time will not be computed under specified conditions. See, e.g., Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann.
art. 12.05(a) (“The time during which the accused is absent from the state shall not be computed
in the period of limitation.”); Id. art. 12.05(b) (“The time during the pendency of an indictment,
information, or complaint shall not be computed in the period of limitation.”). Here, the no-
limitation statute does not use any such language and therefore cannot be construed as a tolling
provision. Thus, if the three requirements of the no-limitation statute are met, it does not matter if
or when a DNA match later occurs, as the match does not revive the ten-year statute of limitations
or cause it to start running; to the contrary, if the requirements are met, by the very terms of the
statute, there is simply no statute of limitations applicable to the case.17 See Ex parte Montgomery,
2017 WL 3271088, at *1–4 (limitations period for sexual assault and aggravated sexual assault
eliminated if Article 12.01(1)(C)(i) requirements are satisfied).
17 We note that there is a growing trend in the United States to remove, or at least extend, the statute of limitations for sexual assault cases, given the number of sexual assault cases that are never resolved. G. M. Valenta, DNA Matches to Unadjudicated Rape Cases as a Sentencing Factor: Can They be Justified?, 53 Hous. L. Rev. 1503, 1504–05 (2016). The Texas Legislature addressed this issue by providing that there is no statute of limitations for certain types of sexual assault cases, such as those involving victims who are under 17 years of age and sexual assault cases involving DNA testing, and by extending the five-year statute of limitations to ten years in all other types of sexual assault cases. Id.
15 (2) The record does not support a finding that there was a 2008 CODIS match.
Second, we do not agree with Verdines that a CODIS match was made in 2008 between
the DNA profile in the complainant’s 2003 breast swab and his DNA profile that was in the CODIS
database. As he did in the trial court, on appeal, Verdines relies on the Sailors letter, pointing to
the passing reference Sailors made to a 2008 DNA match. However, the Sailors letter was
addressed to the Bexar County Sheriff’s Office, which had been handling the 1998 sexual assault
case from which Verdines’s DNA profile was obtained, but the Sheriff’s Office was not handling
the 2003 sexual assault case. The SAPD was. Thus, when Sailors stated that “your case” was
previously involved in a CODIS match and that the “personal identifying information for this
convicted offender” was “provided to you” in July 2008, the only reasonable interpretation was
that Sailors was referring to a match that was made to Verdines’s DNA in the Sheriff’s 1998 case.18
This interpretation is bolstered by the fact that DPS then notified SAPD about the database match
between Verdines’s 1998 DNA profile and the DNA profile extracted from the complainant’s
breast swab in the 2003 case, and suggested to SAPD that it contact the Sheriff’s Office for more
information about the match. In turn, DPS later directly notified SAPD that the match in the 2003
case had been confirmed and provided SAPD with Verdines’s identifying information.
Moreover, there is nothing in the record to suggest that the complainant’s breast swab was
subjected to DNA testing prior to its submission to BODE Technologies in February 2015.
Therefore, we find no basis to conclude that the 2008 match referenced in the Sailors letter referred
to a match between Verdines’s DNA profile and the DNA profile in the breast swab in the 2003
case.
18 We further note that although Verdines was not convicted in the 1998 case, the State filed a notice in the trial court of its intention to present evidence at trial that he had a long list of prior convictions in other cases.
16 (3) The 2015 “testing results” produced a DNA profile of an unknown donor.
Having eliminated the reference to the 2008 DNA match from our analysis, the record
before us demonstrates that after the complainant’s breast swab was submitted for DNA testing in
2015, the first CODIS match occurred in October of 2018. But we must still determine whether,
in the interim, the third requirement of the statute was met, i.e., whether the “testing results” from
BODE demonstrated that the DNA profiles extracted from the breast material did not match the
victim or “any other person whose identity is readily ascertained.” The record does not contain
any formal report from BODE Technologies, or any other lab, directly confirming the “testing
results” from the 2018 match. In other words, there is no report in the record indicating whether
the DNA extracted matched the victim or another person whose identity was “readily ascertained.”
But we do not find that the lack of a report forecloses us from finding that the third requirement
was met.
There appear to be four cases that discuss this requirement. In two of those cases,
Campozano and Lovings, after law enforcement submitted the complainants’ swabs for testing,
they received a “report” stating that the analysis produced a DNA profile of an unknown male
donor. See Ex parte Lovings, 480 S.W.3d at 108 (after material collected from complainant as part
of her sexual assault exam was submitted to the Houston Police Department Crime Lab, the lab
issued an “analysis report” identifying the DNA of the complainant and “at least one male donor”);
Ex parte Campozano, 610 S.W.3d at 574 (lab where biological material was submitted “produced
a report showing one of the tested items contained DNA that was a mixture from the complainant
and a male contributor”). In both cases, the victims did not know the identity of the person who
assaulted them, and a DNA match was not made until much later when the DNA profile from the
analysis was uploaded into CODIS. In both cases, the courts found that given the lack of a known
suspect, the testing results containing the DNA profile of a male donor was sufficient to satisfy the
17 third requirement in the no-limitation statute, as it existed at the time, i.e., the testing results did
not match the victim or “any other person whose identity is readily ascertained.” Ex parte Lovings,
480 S.W.3d at 112; Ex parte Campozano, 610 S.W.3d at 581.
As the court did in Campozano, we contrast this with two other cases in which courts have
held that the State did not meet the requirement. First, in Ex parte S.B.M., 467 S.W.3d 715
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2015, no pet.), testing was performed on biological material collected
from a sexual assault victim, but no DNA profiles could be extracted from the material; in other
words, “the results simply show[ed] nothing.” Id. at 719. The court in S.B.M. therefore held that
the requirements of the no-limitation statute were not met, as the statute contemplated that the
material tested must produce a DNA profile of an unknown donor. Id. at 719–20. Second, in
Ex parte Edwards, the court held that the State had failed to meet its burden of proof on the third
requirement of the no-limitation statute, where the record reflected that the test results were still
pending at the time of the defendant’s habeas hearing.19 Ex parte Edwards, 608 S.W.3d 325, 336
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2020), rev’d on other grounds, 663 S.W.3d 614 (Tex. Crim. App.
2022).
Here, we find Verdines’s case to be more like the situation in Lovings and Campozano than
the situations in S.B.M. or Edwards. First, unlike in S.B.M., where no DNA was extracted from the
biological material, we can reasonably infer that the breast swab in this case did in fact produce a
DNA profile, as the record undisputedly reflects that the DNA profile was uploaded into CODIS
at some point prior to the 2018 match. Because the record also undisputedly established that the
DNA profile uploaded into CODIS matched Verdines’s DNA profile, we can reasonably infer that
19 We note that the Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the court of appeals’ decision in Edwards based on its conclusion that the defendant’s statute of limitations argument was not properly brought in a pretrial habeas proceeding, and the court therefore did not address the merits of the court’s ruling that the State did not meet the requirements of the no-limitation statute. Ex parte Edwards, 663 S.W.3d 614, 619 (Tex. Crim. App. 2022).
18 the testing results produced DNA that did not match the complainant or any other person whose
identity was readily ascertained at the time. The complainant herein, like the complainants in
Lovings and Campozano, did not know the identity of their assailants, and the identity of the person
whose DNA profile was extracted from the breast swab was therefore not “readily ascertained” at
that time.
In addition, unlike the situation in Edwards in which the lab results were still “pending” at
the time the defendant brought his habeas petition, we can safely say that the lab in Verdines’s
case had completed its testing and reported its results to law enforcement, which then uploaded
the DNA profile into the CODIS database. Once again, we find it significant that a match was later
made between the DNA profile extracted from the breast swab and Verdines’s DNA profile, which
can only lead to one conclusion, i.e., that the lab’s “testing results” detected a DNA profile that
did not belong to either the complainant or a known suspect.
We therefore conclude that all three prongs of the no-limitation statute were met, and
consequently no statute of limitations applied to Verdines’s case.
Verdines’s first issue is overruled.
VII. DEFECTS ON THE FACE OF THE INDICTMENT
In his second issue, Verdines contends the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion to
dismiss because the indictment did not indicate on its face that the prosecution was not time-barred.
See Tita v. State, 267 S.W.3d 33, 37 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (recognizing that “Article 21.02(6)
requires that an indictment indicate on its face that a prosecution thereunder is not barred by the
applicable statute of limitations.”) (citing Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 21.02(6) (“[t]he time
mentioned [in an indictment] must be some date anterior to the presentment of the indictment, and
not so remote that the prosecution of the offense is barred by limitation”); see also Ex parte Smith,
178 S.W.3d at 803 (recognizing that “if the State’s pleading includes a ‘tolling paragraph,’
19 ‘explanatory averments,’ or even ‘innuendo allegations,’ this suffices to show that the charged
offense is not, at least on the face of the indictment, barred by limitations.”). Verdines contends
that because the indictment did not contain any language indicating that the State intended to rely
on the no-limitation exception to the ten-year statute of limitations, the State’s indictment was
defective, thereby requiring dismissal of his case.
As the State points out, however, Verdines did not raise any objections in the trial court to
the form of the indictment, or otherwise allege that the indictment was defective. Instead,
throughout the trial court proceedings, Verdines’s argument was focused solely on the substantive
question of whether the statute of limitations had run before he was indicted in the 2003 case, and
he expressly sought dismissal on the basis that the “indictment [was] presented outside the statute
of limitations.”
As the State also points out, defects in the form of an indictment must be raised in the trial
court in order to be preserved for appeal. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 1.14(b) (“If the defendant
does not object to a defect, error, or irregularity of form or substance in an indictment or
information before the date on which the trial on the merits commences, he waives and forfeits the
right to object to the defect, error, or irregularity and he may not raise the objection on appeal or
in any other postconviction proceeding.”). “The right to be charged by an instrument that is free
of defects, errors, and omissions” is not considered a “fundamental” right, and any such right is
therefore waived without an objection. Sanchez v. State, 120 S.W.3d 359, 367 (Tex. Crim. App.
2003) (en banc).
The reason for requiring an objection to the form of an indictment in the trial court is to
give the State the opportunity to repair or amend the indictment before the start of trial. See
Ex parte Smith, 178 S.W.3d at 805 (recognizing that although the State’s “tolling allegation” in
the indictment may have been deficient, such a “deficiency could be raised only in a pretrial motion
20 to dismiss or quash the information [because] the State must be given an opportunity to repair or
amend its pleading before the start of trial”). Here, had Verdines raised the issue, the State could
have easily amended the indictment to allege that the no-limitation statute applied. See Tita, 267
S.W.3d at 38 n.6 (recognizing that if, prior to trial, the trial court had granted appellant’s motion
to dismiss the indictment for failure to show the statute of limitation had not run, “then,
presumably, the State could have amended the indictment and the prosecution could have
proceeded”) (citing Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 28.09 (“If the exception to an indictment or
information is sustained, the information or indictment may be amended . . . and the cause may
proceed upon the amended indictment or information”)); see also Lewis v. State, No. 04-22-00293-
CR, 2023 WL 5602375, at *6 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 30, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (recognizing that if the trial court had granted defendant’s motion to
quash the information based on the lack of limitations language, the State could have amended the
information to include a tolling paragraph because the limitations period had not yet run).
Because Verdines failed to make an objection to the face of the indictment in the trial court,
the State was not given the opportunity to amend the indictment. We therefore conclude that he
did not preserve this issue for our review.
Verdines’s second issue is overruled.
VIII. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
In his third issue, Verdines asserts the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress.
We conclude that Verdines did not preserve this issue for our review, as he failed to provide us
with an adequate record from which we can determine whether the trial court’s order was in error.
A. Background
Although not raised in his written motion to suppress, at the hearing on his motion,
Verdines argued the State should be prohibited from referring to his 1998 case, or any evidence
21 obtained in that case (including his DNA profile), because the 1998 case had been expunged in
October 2019, and the expunction order included expunction of the DNA record in that case.
During the hearing, the State agreed that because the 1998 case had been expunged, it would not
refer to the 1998 case at trial and would not refer to the DNA profile obtained in that case or the
2018 CODIS match. However, the State argued it should be able to refer to the buccal swab SAPD
took from Verdines in June 2019 and the “new” match that occurred between the DNA profile in
the buccal swab and the DNA profile in the breast swab, as it was legally obtained without regard
to the later October 2019 expunction order.
Verdines argued that the search warrant which led to the “new” match from the 2019 buccal
sample was based solely on the CODIS match with his DNA profile from the 1998 case, and the
warrant should therefore be suppressed pursuant to the expunction order. He further argued it
would be impossible for the State to explain to the jury how the warrant was obtained without
referring to the 1998 case. In turn, he argued that the existence of this evidentiary gap would
deprive him of a fair trial, as the jury would be forced to speculate as to how the search warrant
was obtained. Verdines, however, informed the court that he intended to ask for a separate hearing
on the issue of the admissibility of the warrant, and then he stated that for “today’s hearing, I’m
just asking the Court to suppress any discussion or any testimony or evidence from the case that
has been expunged, which would be his original case that was dismissed.”
At the close of the hearing, the trial court stated it would take the matter under advisement,
and it subsequently issued an order denying the motion without explanation.
B. Standard of review
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress under a bifurcated standard, giving
“almost total deference” to the trial court’s findings of historical fact supported by the record, but
reviewing de novo its application of the law to the facts. Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 327
22 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). When, as here, the trial court did not make explicit findings of fact in
support of its decision, we review the evidence in a light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling
and assume the trial court made implicit findings of fact supported by the record. See Ford v. State,
158 S.W.3d 488, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). We will uphold a trial court’s ruling on a motion to
suppress if it is correct under any theory of law. See Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543
(Tex. Crim. App. 1990).
As a general rule, an appellant has the burden to present a record on appeal showing
reversible error. Word v. State, 206 S.W.3d 646, 651–52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); see also Amador
v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 675 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (as an appellate court, we cannot “speculate
about the contents of exhibits or other materials that are not contained in the appellate record”).
The failure to provide a sufficient appellate record precludes appellate review of a claim. London
v. State, 490 S.W.3d 503, 508 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016).
C. Analysis
On appeal, Verdines characterizes the trial court’s order as “allowing the state at trial to
present evidence of a dismissed and expunged sexual assault case.” He then argues the ruling was
erroneous because the expunction order from his 1998 case prohibited the State from using any
records, including the DNA records, in the trial of the 2003 sexual assault.20 See Matter of S.E.J.,
621 S.W.3d 778, 782 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2021, no pet.) (recognizing that “[a]n expunction order
requires governmental agencies to return, remove, delete, or destroy all records of a person’s arrest
and generally permits the person to deny the occurrence of the arrest and the existence of the
expunction order”) (citing Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. arts. 55.02–55.03).
20 Verdines suggests that even though records of the 1998 proceeding would be inadmissible at his trial, a witness would be permitted to testify regarding their memory of what occurred in the 1998 case. But he contends it is doubtful there would be anyone available to do so 25 years later.
23 We conclude, however, that Verdines did not provide a sufficient record to enable this
Court to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion to suppress.
Although Verdines repeatedly referred to the October 2019 expunction order at the suppression
hearing, he did not offer it in evidence. Nor did he ask the trial court to take judicial notice of the
order, and there is nothing in the record to suggest that the trial court took judicial notice of the
order sua sponte. See Tex. R. Evid. 201 (“Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts”).
Even assuming a final expunction order existed, we have no way of knowing its terms,
whether it allowed for the use of any records pertaining to the 1998 case, and in particular, whether
the expunction order covered the DNA evidence that was in the CODIS database from the 1998
case. See generally State v. T.S.N., 547 S.W.3d 617, 623 (Tex. 2018) (recognizing that the
legislature’s decision to allow expunction under limited, specified circumstances, “evidences its
intent to, under certain circumstances, free persons from the permanent shadow and burden of an
arrest record, even while requiring arrest records to be maintained for use in subsequent
punishment proceedings and to document and deter recidivism”).
Similarly, there is nothing in the record to suggest Verdines followed the necessary steps
to have his DNA record in the 1998 case expunged from the CODIS database by tendering the
expunction order to the director of DPS as required by the Government Code. See Tex. Gov’t Code
Ann. § 411.151(a). Even if Verdines had submitted the expunction order to the director of DPS,
the Government Code does not require the director to “expunge a record or destroy a sample if the
director determines that the individual is otherwise required to submit a DNA sample under this
subchapter.”21 Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 411.151(c). Without any such evidence, we have no way
of knowing whether the director made any such determination.
21 As the State points out, “[t]he Department’s failure to expunge a DNA record as required by this section may not serve as the sole grounds for a court in a criminal proceeding to exclude evidence based on or derived from the contents of that record. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 411.151(e). Accordingly, even if the director erroneously failed to expunge
24 Accordingly, we cannot say what evidence from the 1998 case the State was prohibited
from using at Verdines’s 2003 trial. See McClendon v. State, No. 13-16-00230-CR, 2017 WL
4684179, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Oct. 19, 2017, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated
for publication) (holding that where appellant relied on an expunction order of a prior arrest to
suppress certain evidence at his upcoming trial in a separate proceeding but failed to produce a
copy of his expunction order in the trial court, there was insufficient evidence from which court of
appeals could determine whether certain evidence was inadmissible under the terms of the order).
Accordingly, we conclude that Verdines did not meet his burden of providing a sufficient appellate
record to allow us to determine whether the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress.
Verdines’s third issue is overruled.
IV. CONCLUSION We affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction.
LISA J. SOTO, Justice
October 15, 2024
Before Palafox and Soto, JJ. and Salas Mendoza, Judge Palafox, J. concurring without written opinion Salas Mendoza, Judge (sitting by assignment)
(Publish)
the record of Verdines’s DNA profile obtained in the 1998 proceeding, this would not necessarily prohibit the State from relying on the record of those results in the 2003 proceeding.