The Supreme Court of the State of Colorado 2 East 14th Avenue • Denver, Colorado 80203
2022 CO 9
Supreme Court Case No. 20SC852 Certiorari to the Colorado Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Case No. 19CA266
Petitioners:
Lodge Properties, Inc. and Board of Assessment Appeals,
v.
Respondent:
Eagle County Board of Equalization.
Judgment Reversed en banc February 22, 2022
Attorneys for Petitioner Lodge Properties, Inc.: Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner LLP Michael J. Hofmann Zachary W. Fitzgerald Denver, Colorado
Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, LLP Julian R. Ellis, Jr. Denver, Colorado
Attorneys for Petitioner Board of Assessment Appeals: Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General Evan P. Brennan, Assistant Attorney General Denver, Colorado Attorneys for Respondent: Bryan R. Treu, Eagle County Attorney Christina C. Hooper, Senior Assistant County Attorney Eagle, Colorado
Hamre, Rodriguez, Ostrander & Dingess, P.C. Donald M. Ostrander Richard F. Rodriguez Steven Louis-Prescott Joel M. Spector Denver, Colorado
Attorneys for Amicus Curiae Colorado Counties, Inc.: Hall & Evans, LLC Andrew D. Ringel Ethan E. Zweig Denver, Colorado
JUSTICE GABRIEL delivered the Opinion of the Court, in which CHIEF JUSTICE BOATRIGHT, JUSTICE MÁRQUEZ, JUSTICE HOOD, JUSTICE HART, JUSTICE SAMOUR, and JUSTICE BERKENKOTTER joined.
2 JUSTICE GABRIEL delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 This case involves the valuation for real property tax purposes of the Lodge
at Vail (“the Lodge”), a luxury resort property that includes a hotel, privately
owned condominiums, and amenities. We granted certiorari to consider whether
(1) fees paid by the condominium owners to a third-party company that manages
the rental of their condominiums to overnight guests is intangible personal
property that must be excluded from the actual value of the Lodge under the
income approach to valuation and (2) the net income generated from such fees
should be included in the Lodge’s actual value under the income approach.1
¶2 We now conclude that the net income generated from rentals of the
individually and separately owned condominium units was not income generated
1 The specific issues on which we granted certiorari were framed as follows:
1. Whether the court of appeals erred by holding that a hotel’s contractual right to net rental income generated from separately owned, but physically integrated, condominium units is not intangible personal property that must be excluded under section 39-3-118, C.R.S. from the actual value of the hotel under the income approach to valuation in section 39-1-103(5)(a), C.R.S.
2. Whether the court of appeals erred by holding, for the first time, that the net income generated from rentals of individually and separately owned condominium units to guests of a hotel should be included in the actual value of the hotel under the income approach to valuation. 3 by the Lodge and therefore should not have been included in the Lodge’s actual
value under the income approach to valuation.
¶3 We therefore reverse the judgment of the division below, and we need not
consider whether the contractual right to net rental management income
generated from the condominiums constituted intangible personal property that
must be excluded from the Lodge’s actual value under the income approach to
valuation.
I. Facts and Procedural History
¶4 The Lodge is a full-service resort located at the base of the Vail Mountain
ski area. Opened in 1962 and owned by petitioner Lodge Properties, Inc. (“LPI”),
a subsidiary of Vail Resorts, the Lodge now has eighty hotel rooms and a variety
of amenities, including a spa, a fitness complex, a ski valet, a pool, two restaurants,
and a pool bar and grill.
¶5 Additionally, in 1970, private condominiums were constructed, creating a
north wing of the Lodge and expanding its south wing. Accordingly, in addition
to the hotel rooms and amenities noted above, the Lodge’s current building
envelope includes seventy-four individually owned residential condominium
units.
¶6 Some of the owners of these condominium units choose to rent their units
to the public for a fee. These owners have the option of using third-party rental
4 management companies to assist with this process, and many have contracted
with Vail/Beaver Creek Resort Properties (“VBC”), another subsidiary of Vail
Resorts, to provide rental management services. The remainder of the
condominium owners either manage the rental process on their own, contract with
competitors of VBC, or choose not to rent their properties.
¶7 As to those condominium owners who contract with VBC, their contracts
are for a one-year term, which renews automatically at the end of each year, unless
either party gives notice of nonrenewal not later than sixty days before the end of
the then-current term. In addition, these condominium owners may terminate
their contracts, with or without cause, upon giving ninety days’ prior written
notice. And the contracts automatically terminate upon the transfer of title to the
units by the owners.
¶8 The contracts further provide that VBC may assign its interest in the
contracts, without the owners’ prior written consent, to any entity that acquires
VBC or the Lodge’s owner.
¶9 Pursuant to these contracts, VBC agrees to provide to the condominium
owners, among other things, booking and other rental management services, daily
housekeeping services, marketing, and routine repairs and minor maintenance in
the condominiums. The contracts also state:
Manager will provide Hotel Guests and Owner access to all amenities within the Hotel that are available to other guests of the Hotel, 5 including ski storage while Owner or Owner guests are residing in the Unit, internet access, pools, hot tubs, saunas, exercise facilities, and beauty salons and spas as they may exist from time to time (collectively, the “Amenities”).
¶10 In exchange for the above-described and other services provided by VBC
under the contracts, the condominium owners agree to pay VBC a management
fee of forty percent of the gross rental proceeds.
¶11 Despite differences in ownership, as noted above, the Lodge’s hotel rooms
and the condominiums are all within the Lodge’s building envelope, and to that
extent, they are physically integrated, such that a typical guest might not know
when they are in the condominiums and when they are in the hotel. As part of
this physical integration, the condominiums and hotel rooms share an elevator,
several stairways, and certain utility lines and equipment.
¶12 As pertinent here, condominium owners are required to join a
condominium association, which collects fees that help offset the costs of guest
services, housekeeping and maintenance, bell and concierge services, ski storage,
maintenance and repair of the pool, and other amenities on site. In addition,
guests who stay at the hotel and those who rent a condominium pay a nightly
resort fee, which affords all such guests access to many of the Lodge’s amenities.
¶13 Prior to 2017, the Eagle County assessor did not include in its calculation of
the Lodge’s assessed value the net income that VBC received in connection with
its contractual services for the condominium owners. In 2017, however, the 6 assessor, apparently for the first time, included such income in the calculation of
the Lodge’s assessed value. As a result of this change in methodology, the assessor
assigned the Lodge an actual value of $41,104,470, reflecting a dramatic increase
in the property’s value from the previous assessment.
¶14 LPI appealed this valuation to respondent Eagle County Board of
Equalization, which denied the appeal. LPI then appealed to petitioner Board of
Assessment Appeals (“BAA”), contending that the Eagle County assessor had
improperly included in its value calculation the income that VBC generated in
connection with its rental management agreements with the condominium
owners. In connection with its appeal, LPI requested that the BAA reduce the
Lodge’s assessed value to $22,800,000.
¶15 The BAA subsequently held a two-day evidentiary hearing on LPI’s appeal.
At this hearing, LPI asserted that VBC’s net condominium management revenues
constituted intangible assets that were exempt from property taxes under section
39-3-118, C.R.S. (2021). Consistent with this view, LPI submitted to the BAA
income and expense statements showing the historical income and expenses of the
Lodge, without including the net income from VBC’s rental management
agreements.
¶16 Eagle County responded that the net income derived by VBC from the
condominium rentals was a real estate ownership benefit that would be factored
7 into any acquisition pricing of the Lodge and therefore this net income was neither
business income nor an intangible asset.
¶17 The BAA ultimately found LPI’s income and expense analysis to be more
credible than that submitted by Eagle County and thus further found that LPI had
properly excluded from its Lodge valuation analysis the net income that VBC
received in connection with its contractual services for the condominium owners.
Specifically, the BAA concluded that VBC’s net rental management income
“constituted an intangible asset that, while it might be considered in the valuation
of a property outside of taxation, did not reflect additional value to the subject real
estate.”
¶18 In so concluding, the BAA acknowledged Eagle County’s position that a key
factor in the valuation analysis was whether the value of the rental management
income is appended to the property and is thus transferable with the property, or
whether it is independent of the property so that the value either stays with the
seller or dissipates upon the sale of the subject property. In light of the evidence
before it, the BAA determined that any contributory value of the rental
management income associated with the rental management agreements would
not transfer with the Lodge in the event of a sale, “as that operation is independent
of the subject hotel.” Thus, the BAA concluded that this income was not to be
included in the Lodge’s valuation, and after applying a 5.5 percent capitalization
8 rate to the taxable value of the property, the BAA assigned the Lodge an actual
value of $26,245,000 for tax year 2017.
¶19 Eagle County then appealed the BAA’s order to our court of appeals. In its
appeal, Eagle County argued, among other things, that the BAA had erred in
(1) determining that the Lodge’s value for tax purposes was different from its
valuation in the marketplace “outside of taxation” and (2) concluding that the net
income derived from VBC’s rental management services is an “intangible asset”
that does not add value to the Lodge and is therefore not to be included in the
calculation of the Lodge’s assessed value.
¶20 In a unanimous, published opinion, the division vacated the BAA’s order.
Lodge Props., Inc. v. Eagle Cnty. Bd. of Equalization, 2020 COA 138, ¶ 47, 490 P.3d 911,
919. In so ruling, the division agreed with Eagle County on both of the foregoing
issues. Id. at ¶¶ 19, 26, 39–42, 490 P.3d at 915–16, 918–19.
¶21 With regard to the first issue, concerning market value and valuation for tax
purposes, the division began by observing that a property’s actual value is
synonymous with market value, or “what a willing buyer would pay a willing
seller under normal economic conditions.” Id. at ¶ 19, 490 P.3d at 915 (quoting Bd.
of Assessment Appeals v. Colo. Arlberg Club, 762 P.2d 146, 151 (Colo. 1988)). The
division then opined that the BAA had derived a standard for calculating the
actual value of property for tax purposes that is different from the standard used
9 for other purposes, although the legislature had never indicated an intent to draw
such a distinction. Id. at ¶ 21, 490 P.3d at 915. Thus, the division concluded that
the Lodge’s actual value had to be measured by its market value, and because, in
the division’s view, the contributory value of the rental management income
would be a factor considered by a willing buyer and a willing seller in any sale of
the Lodge, that income had to be included in the value calculation. Id. at ¶¶ 22–26,
490 P.3d at 915–16.
¶22 As to Eagle County’s argument concerning whether VBC’s net rental
income was an intangible asset, the division reasoned that unlike other commonly
recognized “intangibles” (e.g., patents, business goodwill, computer programs,
literary rights, and stock options), VBC’s net rental management income “is, in
fact, cash; it is a tangible, inherent benefit in the form of money that is a direct
product of the core income-producing business of [the Lodge].” Id. at ¶ 39,
490 P.3d at 918. The division thus concluded that the BAA had erred in finding
that VBC’s net rental management income was an intangible that was to be
excluded from the calculation of the Lodge’s assessed value, and the division
vacated the BAA’s order and remanded the case with instructions that the BAA
determine the Lodge’s actual value after including in its calculation VBC’s net
income from the condominium rentals. Id. at ¶ 41–42, 490 P.3d at 918–19.
10 ¶23 The BAA and LPI each petitioned for certiorari review, and we granted their
respective petitions.
II. Analysis
¶24 We begin by setting forth our applicable standard of review. Next, we
discuss the constitutional and statutory frameworks governing the valuation of
property for tax purposes. We then consider whether the net income derived from
the condominium management fees paid to VBC was generated by the Lodge,
such that this income should have been included in the Lodge’s actual value under
the income approach to valuation.
A. Standard of Review
¶25 We presume that an assessor’s valuation of property for taxation is correct.
Cantina Grill, JV v. City & Cnty. of Denver Cnty. Bd. of Equalization, 2015 CO 15, ¶ 15,
344 P.3d 870, 876. To rebut this presumption, a taxpayer who challenges an
assessor’s valuation bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the
evidence, that the valuation is incorrect. Id.
¶26 It is the BAA’s function, and not that of a reviewing court, to weigh the
evidence and to resolve conflicts therein. Jefferson Cnty. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs v.
S.T. Spano Greenhouses, Inc., 155 P.3d 422, 424 (Colo. App. 2006). Thus, an appellate
court may overturn an order of the BAA “only if it finds an abuse of discretion, or
that the order was arbitrary and capricious, based upon clearly erroneous factual
11 findings, unsupported by substantial evidence in the record, or otherwise contrary
to law.” Hinsdale Cnty. Bd. of Equalization v. HDH P’ship, 2019 CO 22, ¶ 19, 438 P.3d
742, 747. Whether net rental management income generated from the rental of
condominium units that are physically integrated into a resort property should be
included in the actual value of that property under the income approach to
valuation is a question of law that we review de novo. See id. (noting that we
review questions of law de novo).
B. Real Property Taxation and Valuation
¶27 Article X of the Colorado Constitution sets forth the basic framework for
taxation in Colorado. Article X, section 3(1)(a) provides, in pertinent part:
The actual value of all real and personal property not exempt from taxation under this article shall be determined under general laws, which shall prescribe such methods and regulations as shall secure just and equalized valuations for assessments of all real and personal property not exempt from taxation under this article. Valuations for assessment shall be based on appraisals by assessing officers to determine the actual value of property in accordance with provisions of law, which laws shall provide that actual value be determined by appropriate consideration of cost approach, market approach, and income approach to appraisal.
¶28 The General Assembly has codified this taxation framework in a number of
statutes that bear on the issues now before us.
¶29 For example, section 39-1-103(5)(a), C.R.S. (2021), provides, in part:
All real and personal property shall be appraised and the actual value thereof for property tax purposes determined by the assessor of the county wherein such property is located. The actual value of such 12 property, other than [certain exceptions not applicable here], shall be that value determined by appropriate consideration of the cost approach, the market approach, and the income approach to appraisal.
¶30 Section 39-5-104, C.R.S. (2021), in turn, provides, “Each tract or parcel of
land . . . shall be separately appraised and valued, except when two or more
adjoining tracts, parcels, or lots are owned by the same person, in which case the
same may be appraised and valued either separately or collectively.”
¶31 As the foregoing authorities make clear, assessors must separately appraise
and value each legally distinct parcel of real property, and the title holders of each
separate parcel are responsible for the taxes on those parcels. See Hinsdale Cnty.
Bd. of Equalization, ¶ 22, 438 P.3d at 747 (“Colorado’s tax statutes reflect the
legislature’s intent to levy property tax on the record fee owner of real property.”).
Real property includes “[a]ll lands or interests in lands to which title or the right
of title” has been acquired from the United States government or the state, as well
as “improvements.” § 39-1-102(14)(a), (c), C.R.S. (2021). Intangible personal
property, in contrast to real property, is exempt from the levy and collection of
property tax. § 39-3-118.
¶32 The dispute before us centers on how the Eagle County assessor calculated
the value of the Lodge under the income approach to valuation. As we have
previously observed, the income approach is a common method for calculating
the value of commercial properties. Bd. of Assessment Appeals v. E.E. Sonnenberg & 13 Sons, Inc., 797 P.2d 27, 30 n.8 (Colo. 1990). This approach “generally involves
calculating the income stream (rent) the property is capable of generating,
capitalized to value at a rate typical within the relevant market.” Id.; see also Denver
Urb. Renewal Auth. v. Berglund-Cherne Co., 568 P.2d 478, 480 (Colo. 1977) (“The
capitalization of income approach is utilized by appraisers to formulate an opinion
as to value which reflects the net income generated by the property during the
remainder of its productive life.”); 16 Eugene McQuillin, The Law of Municipal
Corporations § 44:143, at 632 (3d ed. 2013) (explaining that the income approach
involves “determining the rental value of the property, deducting from it the
operating expenses, and, if there is a profit, capitalizing the net profit at a
percentage commensurate with the amount of risk involved”).
C. Application
¶33 Turning then to the facts before us, we must determine whether the net
income that VBC derived in connection with its rental management agreements is
part of the income stream that the Lodge is capable of generating, such that this
net income is properly considered in valuing the Lodge under the income
approach. We conclude that it is not.
¶34 It is undisputed that the Lodge and the condominiums are legally separate
and distinct parcels of real property, and therefore, these properties must be
separately appraised and valued. Accordingly, rental income generated by the
14 condominiums cannot be assigned to the Lodge, which is a separate parcel of real
property owned by a different taxpayer. The question thus becomes whether
VBC’s net rental management income was generated by the condominiums, or
whether it was, in fact, generated by the Lodge. For several reasons, we conclude
that this net income was generated by the condominiums.
¶35 First, on its face, the income at issue resulted from rentals of the
condominiums. The condominium owners, at their option, chose to rent their
condominiums to others, and, as a matter of contract law, the fees paid by the
renters were for the use of the condominiums. The fact that the owners then paid
VBC a fee for its rental management services does not alter the fact that the income
was derived from the condominium rentals.
¶36 Second, and related to the first point, we perceive no basis for taking VBC’s
net rental management income, which was paid from the condominium owners’
rental income, and allocating that income to LPI’s ownership of the Lodge. VBC
owns no real property at all, so its contractual income was not generated by any
real property of VBC’s. Nor can we say that VBC’s contractual income either was
generated by the Lodge or was somehow attributable to LPI’s ownership of the
Lodge. To the contrary, in our view, VBC’s rental management income is precisely
what the rental management agreements say it is: “compensation for the
management services provided under this Agreement,” including managing and
15 operating the condominiums as rental units and offering and renting those units
to transient guests when not occupied by the owners or the owners’ guests;
implementing a standard of maintenance, repair, service, and operation;
establishing rental rates and collecting payment for condominium rentals;
providing daily housekeeping services; marketing the condominium units;
performing routine repairs and minor maintenance; and, at the owners’ option,
managing the payment of any assessments or fees due to the condominium
association. Simply stated, VBC’s rental management agreements are contracts for
VBC’s management services, paid for out of net rental income generated by the
condominiums; the agreements are not contracts for an interest in (or the use of)
the Lodge’s real property.
¶37 Third, and notwithstanding Eagle County’s suggestion to the contrary,
VBC’s rental management agreements are not, in reality, contracts for the use of
the Lodge’s real property and amenities. Were we to accept such an argument, we
would need to disregard most of the language of VBC’s rental management
agreements (and the fact that the agreements pertain to rentals of the
condominiums, which are separate parcels of real property from the Lodge). We,
however, may not do so. See Owners Ins. Co. v. Dakota Station II Condo. Ass’n, 2019
CO 65, ¶ 32, 443 P.3d 47, 51 (noting that courts give effect to the intent and
reasonable expectations of contracting parties by enforcing the plain language of
16 their contract); McShane v. Stirling Ranch Prop. Owners Ass’n, 2017 CO 38, ¶ 16,
393 P.3d 978, 982 (“[W]e hold no authority to rewrite contracts and must enforce
unambiguous documents in accordance with their terms.”); U.S. Nat’l Bank of
Denver v. Bartges, 210 P.2d 600, 606 (Colo. 1949) (noting that courts do not have the
authority to ignore a contract that was fairly and intelligently made by the parties).
¶38 In so concluding, we acknowledge the contractual provision stating,
“Manager will provide Hotel Guests and Owner access to all amenities within the
Hotel that are available to other guests of the Hotel.” Contrary to Eagle County’s
assertions, however, this language does not establish that the condominium
owners must contract with VBC to secure access to the Lodge’s amenities and that,
therefore, the Lodge, and not the condominiums, is actually generating the net
rental management income.
¶39 For one, the spa referenced in the rental management agreements is open to
the public. Moreover, as noted above, condominium guests pay a hotel resort fee
that allows them to use the Lodge’s amenities. And, as also noted above, the
condominium owners pay condominium association fees that, in part, offset the
costs of maintaining the Lodge’s amenities, and a management agreement
between the condominium association, LPI, and a number of its associated entities
provides that “[b]ell services, concierge services, ski storage,” and other services
“shall be provided to all owners, their guests, and invitees.” These facts belie any
17 assertion that VBC serves as a gatekeeper to the Lodge’s amenities, such that access
to the Lodge’s amenities is what condominium owners are actually contracting for
in their rental management agreements with VBC.
¶40 Nor does the fact that some condominium owners use VBC, rather than a
less expensive rental management service provider, show that the rental
management agreements between the condominium owners and VBC were
actually contracts for access to the Lodge’s amenities. Eagle County contends that,
were it not for the access to amenities that VBC provides, “prudent condo owners
would exclusively utilize vacation-rental-by-owner services that charge between
3% and 15% of gross revenues for limited marketing and reservation services,”
such as Vrbo and Airbnb, rather than paying a forty percent fee to VBC. This
argument ignores the fact that entities like these do not provide the same cleaning,
customer-relations, booking, maintenance, and other services that VBC offers. See,
e.g., Vrbo, All FAQs, https://host.expediagroup.com/vrbo/en-us/help/all-faqs
[https://perma.cc/9NQM-85A9]. Nor do these entities share VBC’s access to the
Lodge’s platform for marketing and booking available units, which many
condominium owners may view as providing added value. Accordingly,
notwithstanding Eagle County’s supposition to the contrary, a prudent
condominium owner might well choose to contract with VBC, irrespective of any
access to the Lodge’s amenities.
18 ¶41 For all of these reasons, we conclude that the net income generated from
rentals of the individually and separately owned condominiums was not income
generated by the Lodge, and therefore this income should not have been included
in the Lodge’s actual value under the income approach to valuation. See
E.E. Sonnenberg & Sons, Inc., 797 P.2d at 30 n.8 (explaining that the income
approach involves calculating the income stream that “the property is capable of
generating”).
¶42 We respectfully believe that, in reaching a contrary determination, the
division below erred in several ways.
¶43 First, the division construed “the foundation of the income approach to
valuation” as “the capitalization of such income streams attributable to property
ownership.” Lodge, ¶ 39, 490 P.3d at 918 (emphasis added). This, however, is not
the correct standard. As noted above, the income approach requires the assessor
to consider the income that the “[subject] property is capable of generating.”
E.E. Sonnenberg & Sons, Inc., 797 P.2d at 30 n.8. By including VBC’s net rental
management income within the sweep of income “attributable to property
ownership,” the division impermissibly expanded the income approach to include
in the Lodge’s valuation contractual rights to revenue generated by a different
property.
19 ¶44 Second, although a property’s market value is certainly a measure of
property valuation for tax purposes, see Bd. of Assessment Appeals v. Sampson,
105 P.3d 198, 203 (Colo. 2005), in concluding that the net rental management
income at issue was part of the Lodge’s market value, the division appears to have
substituted its own factual finding for that of the BAA. Specifically, after
observing that “[a] property’s actual value is synonymous with market value,” the
division focused its analysis on whether VBC’s net rental management income
would factor into “what a willing buyer would pay a willing seller under normal
economic conditions” upon the sale of the Lodge. Id. at ¶ 19, 490 P.3d at 915
(quoting Colo. Arlberg Club, 762 P.2d at 151). The division opined that it would,
stating, “[W]e are hard-pressed to believe that a purchaser of [the Lodge] would
agree to the sale without also securing the rental contracts that would allow it to
collect over $3.6 million in rental revenue.” Lodge, ¶ 24, 490 P.3d at 916.
¶45 In so finding, however, the division appears to have rejected, as
unsupported by the record, the BAA’s express determination that “any
contributory value of the rental management income associated with the
management of the third-party owned condominiums would not transfer with the
subject hotel in the event of sale, as that operation is independent of the subject
hotel.” But the BAA’s finding was, in fact, supported by evidence in the record
before it. For example, the Lodge’s expert expressly testified that the
20 condominium management is separate and divisible from the Lodge’s real
property, noting that the rental management could be operated by third-parties
having no ownership stake in the hotel. The expert further testified that the rental
management income would not necessarily transfer upon the sale of the Lodge,
and he opined that the Lodge’s owner had no inherent right to manage any of the
independently owned condominiums. Accordingly, the BAA’s finding was
neither arbitrary and capricious nor clearly erroneous, and it was therefore entitled
to deference, even if other record evidence might have supported a contrary
determination. See Hinsdale Cnty. Bd. of Equalization, ¶ 19, 438 P.3d at 747 (“An
appellate court may set aside an order of the BAA only if it finds an abuse of
discretion, or that the order was arbitrary and capricious, based upon clearly
erroneous factual findings, unsupported by substantial evidence in the record, or
otherwise contrary to law.”).
¶46 In addition to the foregoing, the division’s market value analysis appears to
have conflated the value of Vail Resorts (the ultimate parent company) and the
value of the Lodge. Although a Vail Resorts subsidiary’s income might well
impact Vail Resorts’ market value, that is a different question from whether the
same income can be said to have been generated by the Lodge, such that it should
be included in the Lodge’s valuation. Thus, although VBC also provides rental
management services to condominium owners at the Ritz-Carlton Club in Vail (a
21 different resort property), no one would argue that the income that VBC generates
from providing those services would be relevant to the Lodge’s valuation.
¶47 Third, the division appears to have placed significant weight on the physical
integration of the condominiums into the Lodge’s building envelope, a position
that Eagle County pursues here. Physical integration, however, does not alter the
well-settled principle, discussed above, that legally distinct parcels of real
property must be separately valued and appraised. Nor does physical integration
alone establish that the income at issue was generated by the Lodge.
¶48 In reasoning to the contrary, the division cited no applicable authority
indicating that the physical integration of two otherwise separate properties
justifies including income generated by one property in the value of the other.
And although Eagle County now argues that the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s
reasoning in ABKA Limited Partnership v. Board of Review, 603 N.W.2d 217 (Wis.
1999), is directly on point and supports the division’s ruling, we disagree.
¶49 In ABKA, the Wisconsin Supreme Court considered whether an assessor
properly included in the valuation of a resort hotel the hotel owner’s income from
the management of rental condominiums that were located adjacent to the hotel.
Id. at 219–20. The court concluded that the rental management income was
properly included in the hotel’s valuation pursuant to the income approach
because that income was “inextricably intertwined” with the hotel. Id. at 225.
22 Specifically, in the court’s view, the management fees were generated both by and
on the land on which the hotel was located, and the ability to earn such fees was
transferable to future hotel purchasers. Id. Thus, the court concluded that the
income “appertain[ed]” to the hotel under Wisconsin law. Id.
¶50 ABKA is distinguishable from the case before us, however, because the
statute underlying the decision in that case was different from the statute
underlying our ruling here. Specifically, under applicable Wisconsin law, “real
property” includes “not only the land itself but all buildings and improvements
thereon, and all fixtures and rights and privileges appertaining thereto.” Wis. Stat.
§ 70.03 (2021) (emphasis added). Colorado law, in contrast, does not include
within its definition of real property “rights and privileges appertaining” to land
or improvements. See § 39-1-102(14). And it is worth noting that in Adams Outdoor
Advertising, Ltd. v. City of Madison, 717 N.W.2d 803, 821–22 (Wis. 2006), the
Wisconsin Supreme Court pointed out the limitations to the rule that it adopted in
ABKA, stating that the court’s holding in ABKA derived from Wisconsin’s
particular definition of real property.
¶51 Specifically, in Adams, the court observed, “A review of the cases leading up
to ABKA demonstrates that inclusion of business value in a property assessment
should be the exception, not the norm.” Id. at 821. The court further noted that
“integral to the analysis” in ABKA and several cases like it “was the conclusion
23 that the income appertained to the real property under Wis. Stat. § 70.03, and
therefore, was a proper element to include in the real estate assessment under [the
applicable Wisconsin statute].” Id. at 822. The Adams court continued, “The
conclusions in these cases depend upon the definition of real property in Wis. Stat.
§ 70.03, which includes ‘all buildings and improvements thereon, and all fixtures
and rights and privileges appertaining thereto[.]’” Id. (quoting Wis. Stat. § 70.03)
(emphasis in original). The court therefore concluded, “Thus, in ABKA the
management income derived from adjacent real estate could be included in the
assessment because the physical proximity and interdependency of the real estate
meant the income was a privilege appertaining to the subject real estate, rather than the
product of the owner’s skill and business acumen.” Id. (emphasis added); accord
Walgreen Co. v. City of Madison, 752 N.W.2d 687, 704–05 (Wis. 2008).
¶52 Accordingly, the Wisconsin case law on which Eagle County relies is
inapposite.
¶53 Finally, we are unpersuaded by the public policy concerns and parades of
horribles posited by Eagle County and its amicus. Although Eagle County states
that the conclusion we reach today encourages corporations to evade taxes by
“engaging in gamesmanship or manipulation of their corporate entity structures,”
we perceive no basis for any assertion of tax evasion, manipulation, or
gamesmanship on LPI’s (or any other party’s) part here. At best, Eagle County
24 points to the fact that LPI and VBC are part of a network of companies within Vail
Resorts’ corporate structure. Although Eagle County perceives something
nefarious about this, such an interlocking network of related entities serving
different roles within a corporate entity’s family is common and does not alone
establish a corporate scheme to avoid taxation. Indeed, we have seen no evidence
in the record before us to suggest that any person or entity in this case has avoided
paying real property or other taxes properly levied. Nor can we conclude that
VBC’s revenue from providing contractual management services to the
condominium owners was generated by the Lodge merely because VBC (either
directly or through subcontractors) happened to be the entity providing such
services.
¶54 We likewise do not agree with amicus Colorado Counties, Inc.’s (“CCI’s”),
contention that including income from VBC’s rental management agreements in
the valuation of the Lodge is necessary to maintain “uniformity and fairness.”
According to CCI, as a result of the conclusion we reach today, “every commercial
property will be assessed according to its unique corporate ownership structure
and corporate financing methods, and property owners will be subject to taxes not
imposed on others.” This, CCI suggests, will sow discord because “[n]o corporate
structure is the same.”
25 ¶55 Notwithstanding CCI’s expressed concerns, the conclusion that we reach
today requires an assessor employing the income approach to do no more than
determine which real property has generated the income at issue before including
that income in the value calculation. This, however, is an analytical step that the
income approach has long required. And to the extent that an assessor perceives
questionable dealings undertaken to avoid taxation, the assessor and courts have
long had (and have utilized) tools to assess such transactions, and nothing we say
today imposes any additional burden on assessors. See Hinsdale Cnty. Bd. of
Equalization, ¶ 27, 438 P.3d at 748 (noting that doctrines such as the
substance-over-form and economic substance doctrines are available to “call out
questionable transactions undertaken to minimize or avoid income tax by
requiring a transaction to comply with the underlying purpose of a tax statute and
not just its language”).
¶56 CCI further reminds us that counties rely on property tax revenues to fund
“schools, libraries, fire protection, water, sanitation, law enforcement, and
infrastructure.” We are, of course, sympathetic to the financial strain on Colorado
counties, particularly in light of today’s economic realities and infrastructure
needs. We, however, are not at liberty to ignore the long-settled principles of real
estate valuation and taxation that compel the conclusion that we reach today.
26 ¶57 Accordingly, we conclude that the net income generated by VBC from the
rental management agreements between it and the condominium owners was not
income generated by the Lodge and therefore should not have been included in
the Lodge’s valuation under the income approach to valuation.
¶58 In light of this disposition, we need not consider whether the net rental
income at issue also constituted intangible personal property, requiring that it be
excluded from the Lodge’s valuation under the income approach.
III. Conclusion
¶59 Contrary to Eagle County’s assertions and the conclusion of the division
below, the net rental management income realized by VBC from its rental
management agreements with third-party condominium owners was not income
generated by the Lodge. Accordingly, the division below erred in concluding that
such income was to be included in the Lodge’s actual value under the income
approach to valuation.
¶60 We therefore reverse the judgment of the division below, and we remand
this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.